Key Points • Purine nucleotide synthesis and degradation form a crucial metabolic pathway for cell integrity and reproduction. • Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase superactivity, a rare X chromosome–linked disorder, causes juvenile…
Key Points • Serum urate levels are highly heritable and principally determined by the fractional excretion of uric acid in the kidney. The heritability of gout remains to be properly…
Key Points • Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (or cyclooxygenase-2–selective coxibs), systemic oral corticosteroids (prednisone or prednisolone), and colchicine are the primary therapy options for an acute gout attack. However, there…
Key Points • The identification of monosodium urate (MSU) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals in synovial fluid or tissue biopsy samples is central to the definitive diagnosis of gout…
Key Points • The aspiration of a joint with undiagnosed arthritis, or analysis of a tissue biopsy with subsequent visualization of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, is considered the diagnostic standard…
Key Points • Tophi are macroaggregates of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and in most tissues are formed as granulomas with cellular content that includes phagocytes, mast cells, B- and T-lymphocytes,…
Abstract Arthroscopic management of rotator cuff tears is one of the greatest changes of the past 25 years. It has become a standard procedure, but the techniques are variable and…
Abstract Glenohumeral instability can present with typical patterns of injury involving consistent structures. However, the degrees of injury and structures needed to address are often less defined. The approach to…
Abstract The basics of diagnostic arthroscopy involve knowing where to place portals, understanding the external and internal anatomy of the shoulder, and having an organized approach to reviewing the structures…
Abstract Lesions of the long head of the biceps tendon can often be the source of shoulder pain. Pathology of the biceps includes “superior labrum anterior-to-posterior” (SLAP) tears, subluxation, tenosynovitis,…
