Pitfalls of Gray-Scale Artifacts
KEY POINTS • Artifacts occur frequently in gray-scale ultrasound due to the physical and technical properties of ultrasound. • Some artifacts may be avoided by modifying equipment settings and by…
Detection of Bone Erosions
KEY POINTS • An ultrasound-detected erosion is a cortical break seen in two perpendicular planes. • Ultrasound is a valid and reliable technique for detecting bone erosions. • Ultrasound is…
Enthesitis
KEY POINTS • Enthesis represents the site of insertion of tendon, ligament, fascia, or joint capsule into the bone. • Ultrasound is able to visualize the entheseal involvement in the…
The Normal Joint
KEY POINTS • Ultrasound can be used to scan and evaluate most musculoskeletal tissues. • Articular and periarticular structures may only be visualized if they fall within an acoustic window….
Physics of Ultrasound
KEY POINTS • Ultrasonic waves are elastic, mechanical waves. • Ultrasound imaging is safe and noninvasive. • Imaging provides real-time visualization. • Contrast imaging improve vascular detection. Characteristics of Ultrasound…
Purchasing Ultrasound Equipment
KEY POINTS • Consider the range of clinical indications first when selecting an ultrasound system. • The nature and location of your practice dictate the selection of stationary, mobile, or…
Pitfalls in Doppler Ultrasound
KEY POINTS • Common artifacts related to machine settings are focusing, random noise, aliasing, motion, blooming, and mirroring. • A common artifact related to the surrounding tissue is reverberation. •…
Anatomy for Needle Electromyography
Upper Extremity Median Nerve Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB) ( Figure 13–1A,B ) Innervation: * All cross-section anatomy figures adapted from: A Cross-Section Anatomy by Eycleshymer & Schoemaker, D Appleton Century…
