Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: Antecedent obstetrical factors
Summary box 1 Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) is identified in the immediate neonatal period and is due to trauma to the fetal brachial plexus at some point prior to…
Anatomy of the brachial plexus
Summary box 1 The brachial plexus can be organized into 5 zones: spinal nerve roots, trunks, divisions, cords and terminal branches. 2 C5-6 nerve roots form the upper trunk, C7…
Physiology of nerve injury and regeneration
Summary box 1 Worldwide prevalence of brachial plexus/peripheral nerve injuries continues to increase as the rates of motor vehicle collisions and “extreme sporting” accidents increase. 2 Brachial plexus injuries can…
Clinical presentation and considerations of neonatal brachial plexus palsy
Summary box 1 Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) can be defined as a flaccid paresis of an upper extremity due to traumatic stretching of the brachial plexus, with the passive…
Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries and Sternoclavicular Joint Injuries
Introduction John Apostolakos, BS Mark P. Cote, PT, DPT, MSCTR Knut Beitzel, MA, MD Augustus D. Mazzocca, MS, MD Epidemiology • Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries are considered among the most common orthopedic injuries to…
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Introduction Robert F. LaPrade, MD, PhD Casey M. Pierce, MD Scott A. Wilkins, DPT, OCS Epidemiology • Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are rare compared with ACL injuries. • Comprise between…
Articular Cartilage Injury (Including Osteochondritis Dissecans) in the Young Athletic Knee
Introduction Nathan A. Mall, MD Bryan M. Saltzman, MD Andrew S. Lee, MD Brian J. Cole, MD, MBA Epidemiology Age • Approximately 4% to 5% of the general population is thought to have focal,…
Superior Labral Pathology (SLAP/Long Head Biceps)
Introduction Thomas J. Gill, MD Kaitlin M. Carroll, BS Amee L. Seitz, PT, PhD, DPT, OCS Background • Superior labral tears were originally described by Andrews et al. in 1985 as lesions that involve…
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Introduction J. Martin Leland, MD Epidemiology • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are common athletic injuries with over 100,000 reconstruction surgeries performed annually in the United States • ACL ruptures most…
Articular Cartilage Injury (Including Osteochondritis Dissecans) in the Young Athletic Knee
Introduction Nathan A. Mall, MD Bryan M. Saltzman, MD Andrew S. Lee, MD Brian J. Cole, MD, MBA Epidemiology Age • Approximately 4% to 5% of the general population is thought to have focal,…
