Summary box 1 The principles applicable to management of various patterns of stretch injuries provide a logical approach to most brachial plexus palsies. 2 Appropriate injury patterns should be recognized…
Summary box Electrodiagnostic studies 1 … are an extension of the clinical examination. 2 … are dynamic. 3 … can diagnose a brachial plexus injury. 4 … identify the location…
Summary box 1 Brachial plexus injuries are followed by chronic pain in 30–90% of patients. 2 Pain following brachial plexus injuries may be due to neuromas, denervation-reinnervation, avulsion, or musculoskeletal…
Summary box 1 Maintain passive range of motion in all upper extremity joints—especially shoulder external rotation (in both abduction and adduction) and forearm pronation and supination. 2 Force use of…
Summary box 1 Direct inspection alone in the operating room has been shown repeatedly to be unreliable in assessing the severity of peripheral nerve lesions, especially brachial plexus injuries. Therefore,…
Summary Box 1 Early imaging to evaluate injuries associated with neonatal brachial plexus palsies within the first week of life includes radiographs or ultrasonography. 2 At age 3 to 4…
Summary box 1 Brachial plexus and upper extremity musculoskeletal anatomy must be thoroughly understood in order to properly examine, diagnose, and localize brachial plexus injuries. 2 The clinical examination of…
Summary box 1 Comparison of natural history to the outcome of surgical intervention for NBPP is limited by lesion variability, the different assessment paradigms used at different centers, and investigational…
Summary Box 1 The vast majority of persistent brachial plexus lesions in infants is a combination of axonotmesis or neurotmesis in varying proportions. 2 Electrodiagnostic studies are able to determine…
Summary box 1 Establish all the terms and conditions of proposed expert witness work before agreeing to take on the case. 2 An expert witness should be an advocate only…
