Musculoskeletal Key

Summary box 1 The priorities for reconstruction in the hand are: (l) wrist extension and finger flexion; and (2) recovery of sensation below the elbow in the C 6,7 dermatomes….

Summary box 1 A brachial plexus injury can be defined by four elements, which are analogous to the four dimensions of space: breadth (number of roots involved), length (level), depth…

Summary box 1 The incidence of NBPP has remained relatively stable despite awareness of the problem and improved obstetric techniques. 2 Forearm and hand problems are seen with involvement of…

Summary box 1 Clean, sharp lacerations of the brachial plexus should be repaired within 72 hours. Blunt transections are best repaired in a delayed fashion. 2 Progressive neurologic deficits may…

Summary box 1 Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a term that includes several specific diagnoses, including 2 common forms of the syndrome: vascular (arterial and venous) and neurogenic TOS. 2…

Summary box 1 Tailor each patient’s rehabilitation program to be as unique as each injury. 2 Distinguish between pre and post-ganglionic injury because there is little chance of spontaneous recovery…

Summary box 1 Multidisciplinary approach 2 Reconstructive approach needs to be individualized 3 Thorough discussion with patients is important for realistic expectation and discussions of the risk–benefit ratio 4 Early…

Summary Box 1 Indications and timing for nerve repair/reconstruction in patients with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) remain controversial. 2 We consider absent or significantly impaired hand function, in the…

Summary box 1 Despite advances in prenatal and obstetrical care, the estimated prevalence of brachial plexus palsy (BPP) remains stable. 2 The goal in the infant is to maintain joint…

Summary box 1 Detection of nerve root avulsion injuries is critical for planning surgical treatment of patients with brachial plexus palsies. 2 Traumatic pseudomeningoceles are no longer regarded as the…