Local anesthetics, corticosteroids, contrast agents, neurolytic agents, and viscosupplementation are used commonly in pain management procedures. At times, medications to treat adverse reactions are required. As emphasized throughout this text,…
Pain procedures are a useful adjunct in managing pain and functional problems. The pain physician, as a diagnostician, can derive valuable information from the results of these procedures and from…
Summary box 1 The priorities for reconstruction in the hand are: (l) wrist extension and finger flexion; and (2) recovery of sensation below the elbow in the C 6,7 dermatomes….
Summary box 1 A brachial plexus injury can be defined by four elements, which are analogous to the four dimensions of space: breadth (number of roots involved), length (level), depth…
Summary box 1 The incidence of NBPP has remained relatively stable despite awareness of the problem and improved obstetric techniques. 2 Forearm and hand problems are seen with involvement of…
Summary box 1 Clean, sharp lacerations of the brachial plexus should be repaired within 72 hours. Blunt transections are best repaired in a delayed fashion. 2 Progressive neurologic deficits may…
Summary box 1 Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a term that includes several specific diagnoses, including 2 common forms of the syndrome: vascular (arterial and venous) and neurogenic TOS. 2…
Summary box 1 Tailor each patient’s rehabilitation program to be as unique as each injury. 2 Distinguish between pre and post-ganglionic injury because there is little chance of spontaneous recovery…
Summary box 1 Multidisciplinary approach 2 Reconstructive approach needs to be individualized 3 Thorough discussion with patients is important for realistic expectation and discussions of the risk–benefit ratio 4 Early…
Summary Box 1 Indications and timing for nerve repair/reconstruction in patients with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) remain controversial. 2 We consider absent or significantly impaired hand function, in the…
