Musculoskeletal Key

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of vasculitides characterized by small- to medium-sized blood vessel inflammation, clinically overlapping features, and the presence of ANCA. This group of…

Necrotizing vasculitis that affects small blood vessels (especially the postcapillary venules, capillaries, and arterioles) and is often caused by immune complex deposition may show leukocytoclastic vasculitis on histology ( Fig….

Cogan Syndrome Cogan syndrome was first described in 1945 by Dr. David Cogan, an ophthalmologist, who described four patients who developed near simultaneously interstitial keratitis and vestibular-auditory symptoms, which led…

Pediatric sarcoidosis comprises a spectrum of childhood granulomatous inflammatory conditions with the hallmark being the presence of noncaseating epithelioid giant cell granulomas in a variety of tissues and organ systems….

The reactive arthritides constitute a group of diverse inflammatory arthropathies in which the joint and extraarticular manifestations are caused by a preceding extraarticular infection with specific bacteria. This chapter reviews…

Pediatric rheumatologists encounter children with acute and chronic pain for which an overt primary cause for the pain cannot be found. In these disorders the pain seems disproportional or amplified….

Episodic color changes of the hands and feet in response to cold or stress, known as Raynaud phenomenon (RP), are a frequent complaint among patients presenting to pediatric rheumatology clinics….

Lyme arthritis was first described in 1977 by Steere and colleagues in a cluster of children thought to have juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. They lived in and around Old Lyme, Connecticut….

Introduction Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) was first described by Kussmaul and Maier in 1866. The original and subsequent descriptions identified the pathological features of necrotizing arteritis with nodules along the walls…