Road Biking
General Principles Races Road Racing Stage races: Multiday races over consecutive days with daily stage winners and an overall winner based on cumulative time; mass start races where the athletes…
Swimming and Diving
Swimming Introduction • Swimming is the most popular aquatic sports discipline and is an important part of triathlon and water polo. Epidemiology • At the international level, swimming and the…
Inline Skating, Skateboarding, and Bicycle Motocross
Inline Skating History • Inline skates date back to 1849; Louis Legrange crafted a pair with wooden wheels to simulate ice skates for a scene in Giacomo Meyerbeer’s opera La…
Martial Arts
Introduction • Martial arts are bodies of codified practices or traditions of training for unarmed and armed combat, usually without the use of guns and other modern weapons. • People…
Cheerleading
Introduction • Cheerleading reportedly originated in the 1880s, when Princeton University formed an all-male pep club to support its football team. However, some have called University of Minnesota student Johnny…
Ice Skating (Figure Skating and Speed Skating)
Figure Skating Introduction • Figure skating is a sport that focuses on a unique combination of athleticism, strength, endurance, gracefulness, and artistry on ice. • Today, over 178,000 members and…
Scuba Diving
General Principles Overview • Diving includes multiple activities performed in an aquatic environment. • Technology allows people to enjoy the underwater experience. • An estimated 1.2–1.5 million United States (US)…
Taping and Bracing
General Principles • Taping and bracing are used as adjuncts to sports protective equipment, treatment, and rehabilitation of an injury. • Should not take the place of appropriate diagnostic, treatment,…
