Musculoskeletal Key

Introduction • Dance is an activity that can be found in most cultures dating back to ancient times. • Dance is unique in its fusion of art and athletic activity….

Equestrian Events Introduction Data are sparse, but the risk of injury while riding or working with horses is higher than that in automobile racing, motorcycle riding, football, and skiing and…

General Principles Overview • The popularity of mixed martial arts (MMA) has grown tremendously in the last 20 years. • Despite this incredible growth, there is still a paucity of…

General Principles Races Road Racing Stage races: Multiday races over consecutive days with daily stage winners and an overall winner based on cumulative time; mass start races where the athletes…

Swimming Introduction • Swimming is the most popular aquatic sports discipline and is an important part of triathlon and water polo. Epidemiology • At the international level, swimming and the…

Introduction • Widely considered to be the world’s oldest sport, dating back to the ancient Greeks • It is a worldwide sport, with particular popularity in Eastern Europe, the Middle…

Introduction • Martial arts are bodies of codified practices or traditions of training for unarmed and armed combat, usually without the use of guns and other modern weapons. • People…

Introduction • Cheerleading reportedly originated in the 1880s, when Princeton University formed an all-male pep club to support its football team. However, some have called University of Minnesota student Johnny…

History • Boxing is one of the most ancient sports. • Marquis of Queensbury modified the rules in the early 1800s. • The 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis saw…