Thoracic Injection Techniques
Key Points • The thoracic spine is a common source of mid-back pain and is frequently overlooked despite it having the greatest number of levels and the greatest diversity between…
Ankle Region Injection Techniques
Joint Injections Tibiotalar Joint Injection Key Points • Use of a high-frequency small footprint linear ultrasound transducer, like the “hockey stick,” is recommended for all ankle region and joint injections….
Toxins for Orthopedics
Introduction Botulinum toxin (BTX) is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum as a complex of proteins containing neurotoxin and various non-toxic proteins. There are seven immunologically distinct serotypes of the…
Sclerosing Agents
Introduction Sclerotherapy is the process of injecting a proinflammatory agent into an enlarged potential space (e.g., bursa, Morel-Lavallee lesion, tendon sheath) with the goal of alleviating pain, restoring function, and…
Therapeutic Dextrose Injection: Prolotherapy, Perineural Injection Therapy, and Hydrodissection
Key Points • Dextrose prolotherapy has level B strength of recommendation for chronic pain in eight areas based on a growing number of RCTs and meta-analyses. • Dextrose, when used…
Allograft Tissues
Introduction Allograft tissues are obtained from a donor source and transplanted into a different recipient or host, while autologous tissues are obtained and redirected into the same individual. Allograft tissue…
Autologous Tissue Harvesting Techniques: Platelet-Rich Plasma
Introduction Whole Blood and Platelets Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was first used in cardiac surgery by Ferrari and colleagues in 1987 as an autologous blood transfusion after open heart procedures to…
Autologous Orthobiologics
Introduction The delivery of cell- and non-cell-based therapies can generally be classified as either autologous or allogenic. Autologous treatments involve a procedure in which the patient’s own tissues are collected…
Autologous Tissue Harvesting Techniques: Bone Marrow Aspirate and Adipose Tissue
Introduction Regenerative medicine has become an increasingly popular field of interest over the last several decades. Its potential application for treating various disease pathologies is promising and much research is…
Ultrasound Basics
Introduction Ultrasound guidance can be applied to assist in a multitude of interventional orthopedic procedures. This chapter provides a review of ultrasound physics, image optimization, common artifacts, and fundamentals of…
