16 Common Versatile Free Flaps for the Lower Extremity
Geoffrey G. Hallock, Waleed Gibreel, Karim Bakri, and Samir Mardini Summary Few would argue that the lower extremity might be the most difficult body region to resurface not just due…
21 Modern Concepts of Prosthetic Rehabilitation in Amputation of the Lower Extremity
Stefan Salminger, Clemens Gstoettner, Agnes Sturma, and Oskar C. Aszmann Summary Targeted muscle reinnervation offers a proven method for the treatment of amputation-related pain in lower limb amputees. It is…
24 Surgical Treatment for Lower Extremity Lymphedema
Isao Koshima, Hirofumi Imai, Shuhei Yoshida, Shogo Nagamatsu, Kazunori Yokota, Mitsunobu Harima, Shuji Yamashita, and Haruki Mizuta Summary Physiologic surgical treatment for lymphedema includes lymphovenous anastomosis, lymph node transfers, and…
19 Rationale for Lower Limb Sensate Flaps
Joon Pio Hong Summary The ideal reconstruction of sole should lead to optimal functional and aesthetic results, achieving durable coverage for weight bearing, adequate contour for footwear, protective sensation, and…
18 Diabetic Foot Reconstruction
Joon Pio Hong Summary The treatment of diabetic foot ulceration is complex with multiple considerations and unfortunately often leads to amputation. A multidisciplinary approach along with an algorithm to manage…
17 Supermicrosurgery Approach to the Lower Limb
Joon Pio Hong Summary Supermicrosurgery is manipulating vessels with diameters less than 0.8 mm. In flap surgery, this approach will allow an increase in the selection of recipient pedicles by…
7 Using the Flap and Angiosome Concepts to Optimize Functional Lower Leg and Foot Amputations
Christopher Attinger Summary The key factor when considering salvage or amputation of the lower leg or foot is to optimize the functional result appropriate for the age and activity level…
14 The Basic Practical Lower Limb Muscle Local Flaps
Geoffrey G. Hallock Summary Outcome studies of functional lower limb salvage cite no difference if a muscle or cutaneous flap were used. Muscle flaps will never be obsolete, inarguably when,…
8 Vascular Anatomy of the Lower Extremity: A Practical Guide to Vascular Territories, Perforators, and Selection of Recipient Vessels
Alison Wong and Steven F. Morris Summary Before choosing an appropriate flap donor site or recipient vessels in lower extremity reconstruction, if needed, the latter’s vascular architecture and general pattern…
13 The Process for Flap Selection by Region of the Lower Extremity
Geoffrey G. Hallock reconstructive ladder – reconstructive elevator – reconstructive matrix – expanded zone concept – chimeric flap 13 The Process for Flap Selection by Region of the Lower Extremity…
