Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Introduction The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the largest and strongest ligament in the knee, with a unique innate healing capacity. Therefore, as opposed to other ligaments such as the…
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Anatomy Two functional bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL), were first described in 1836 ( Fig. 6.1 ). On the femoral insertion site,…
Mechanical Malalignment of the Knee Joint: How and When to Address
Introduction Complex knee injuries are an orthopaedic problem that require knowledge not only of soft tissue anatomy but also lower limb biomechanics and alignment to establish an appropriate management plan…
Plain Radiography of the Knee
Acknowledgement The authors thank Dr John W. Read for his contribution to this chapter in giving permission and rights to many of the images, which are taken from the book…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee: Conventional and Novel Techniques
MRI Basics Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a noninvasive means by which to achieve excellent visualisation of soft tissues with additional sensitivity to pathological bone marrow changes within the knee….
Comprehensive Clinical Examination
Introduction Before the incorporation of advanced imaging modalities into routine clinical practice, clinicians were dependent on a detailed clinical history and examination for formulation of a treatment plan. Many examination…
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in Distal Radius Fractures
Key Points • Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is challenging and remains a hot topic of debate as despite decades of research, the etiology remains entirely unclear. •…
Wrist Contracture After Distal Radius Fractures
Key Points • The origin of a posttraumatic wrist joint stiffness can be either extra-articular, intraarticular, or both. • Surgical arthrolysis is a viable option that can be performed via…
Posttraumatic Radiocarpal Arthritis
Key Points • Before embarking for salvage procedures, conservative treatment and corrective osteotomy should have been considered. • If these measures are inapplicable or fail, partial or extensive wrist denervation…
Posttraumatic DRUJ Arthritis
Key Points • Salvage procedures of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) arthritis after distal radius fractures (DRFs) can be divided in resection arthroplasties and implant arthroplasties. • Corrective osteotomy, ulnar shortening,…
