Pedro C. Cavadas Summary Lower limb vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is not immunologically different from solid organ transplantation; so any recipients will require lifelong immune suppression (IS) to prevent rejection,…
Manas Nigam, Michael V. Defazio, and Karen K. Evans Summary The lower extremity is subject to unique stresses and pathophysiologies that make reconstruction, particularly with free tissue, a challenging but…
Geoffrey G. Hallock, Waleed Gibreel, Karim Bakri, and Samir Mardini Summary Few would argue that the lower extremity might be the most difficult body region to resurface not just due…
Stefan Salminger, Clemens Gstoettner, Agnes Sturma, and Oskar C. Aszmann Summary Targeted muscle reinnervation offers a proven method for the treatment of amputation-related pain in lower limb amputees. It is…
Isao Koshima, Hirofumi Imai, Shuhei Yoshida, Shogo Nagamatsu, Kazunori Yokota, Mitsunobu Harima, Shuji Yamashita, and Haruki Mizuta Summary Physiologic surgical treatment for lymphedema includes lymphovenous anastomosis, lymph node transfers, and…
Joon Pio Hong Summary The ideal reconstruction of sole should lead to optimal functional and aesthetic results, achieving durable coverage for weight bearing, adequate contour for footwear, protective sensation, and…
Joon Pio Hong Summary The treatment of diabetic foot ulceration is complex with multiple considerations and unfortunately often leads to amputation. A multidisciplinary approach along with an algorithm to manage…
Joon Pio Hong Summary Supermicrosurgery is manipulating vessels with diameters less than 0.8 mm. In flap surgery, this approach will allow an increase in the selection of recipient pedicles by…
Christopher Attinger Summary The key factor when considering salvage or amputation of the lower leg or foot is to optimize the functional result appropriate for the age and activity level…
Geoffrey G. Hallock Summary Outcome studies of functional lower limb salvage cite no difference if a muscle or cutaneous flap were used. Muscle flaps will never be obsolete, inarguably when,…
