• Proactive treatment measures for tumor lysis syndrome include hydration with hypotonic or isotonic saline solution; alkalinization; use of allopurinol or urate oxidase; avoidance of exogenous potassium; close monitoring of…
• Cell death is an important physiologic homeostatic mechanism critical for host survival. • Regulated cell death pathways are evolutionarily conserved processes and include caspase-dependent (apoptosis, pyroptosis) and caspase-independent (necroptosis,…
• Pediatric acute liver failure represents a large number of heterogenous etiologies. • Effective diagnosis requires a systemic approach; however, despite thorough workup, in a large proportion of cases, cause…
• The abdomen is both a primary source of disease conditions that require care in the intensive care unit (ICU) and, frequently, a secondary source of additional pathophysiology for children…
• Normal ranges for blood cell numbers are dependent on age, gender, and race. • Because the bone marrow circulation connects with the general circulation, fluids and medications injected into…
Pearls • Together, red blood cells (RBCs) at each stage of development may be considered an organ (termed the erythron ) now appreciated to participate in active regulation of regional…
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) results either from absolute insulin deficiency or from relative insulin deficiency in the setting of high levels of counterregulatory hormones stimulated by infection or other illness….
Pearls • Childhood stroke includes arterial ischemic stroke, cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, and intracranial hemorrhage. • Diagnosis of acute stroke in childhood is often delayed owing to failure to detect…
Pearls • Increased survival from pediatric critical illness has been accompanied by an increase in both short- and long-term morbidities for children undergoing active neurocognitive development. • The harms of…
Pearls • Acute severe hypertension, defined as significant blood pressure (BP) elevation with or without evidence of acute hypertensive target-organ damage, requires prompt therapy to prevent and/or ameliorate further target-organ…
