Normal Muscle
In this chapter, the composition and appearance of normal muscle will be discussed. The first part will be concerned with the anatomical constituents of normal muscle at the light microscope…
The Procedure of Muscle Biopsy
The Evolving Role of Muscle Pathology Muscle biopsy has been an important part of the assessment of patients with a neuromuscular disorder for many decades. The use of frozen sections…
Histological and Histochemical Stains and Reactions
Just as every pathologist has particular preferences for routine stains, so muscle histochemists have tended to develop preferences for particular reactions, especially in the interpretation of fibre types. In the…
13 Posterior Shoulder Instability
Alexander E. Loeb and Uma Srikumaran Summary A posterior shoulder dislocation can present as an acute shoulder injury, frequently associated with seizures or trauma, and is frequently missed in the…
22 Perioperative Pain Management for Shoulder Surgery
Ian S. Patten and Uma Srikumaran Summary Adequate management of pain after shoulder surgery is paramount to post-operative recovery. Regional anesthesia has proven to provide superior pain control and recovery….
21 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Alexander Bitzer and Uma Srikumaran Summary Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) refers to a group of conditions that produce varying neurologic or vascular symptoms depending on the etiology. Etiologies include compression…
20 Scapular Winging
Andrew Schneider and Uma Srikumaran Summary This chapter presents a condensed overview of the incidence, etiology, presentation, and treatment options for medial and lateral scapular winging. Though relatively rare, undiagnosed…
19 Proximal Humeral Fractures
Diana Zhu and Uma Srikumaran Summary Proximal humeral fractures are the third most common fractures and affect both young and elderly patients. Neer’s classification system is commonly used in determining…
18 Clavicle Fracture
Matthew Baker and Uma Srikumaran Summary Clavicle fracture account for approximately 5% of adult fractures and there continues to be controversy in the ideal treatment. Clavicle fracture – collarbone –…
17 Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Matthew Baker and Uma Srikumaran Summary The reverse shoulder prosthesis was developed to address issues encountered while treating end stage glenohumeral arthritis in the setting of rotator cuff deficiency. Indications…
