Tendoscopy
Tendoscopy Markus Knupp V. James Sammarco INDICATIONS Surgery for tendon disorders of the posterior foot and ankle are common. Tendons in this area enter a relatively avascular zone as they…
Endoscopic Gastrocnemius Recession
Endoscopic Gastrocnemius Recession Saul G. Trevino Santaram Vallurupalli David Flood INTRODUCTION Progressive deformities of the foot and ankle have been associated with contracture of the triceps surae. Historically, these contractures…
Brisement and Related Procedures
Brisement and Related Procedures Stuart H. Myers Lew C. Schon BACKGROUND Brisement (French: “breaking”) is the lysis of adhesions around a tendon by high-pressure fluid injection. It is distinct from…
20 A New Concept in Drop Foot Treatment: Ninkovic’s Technique—the Neuromusculotendinous Gastrocnemius Transfer
Milomir Ninkovic, Alexander De Heinrich, and Marina Ninkovic Summary A “drop foot” deformity may be due to peroneal nerve injury or muscle damage of the anterior and/or lateral compartments. When…
15 Basic Local Perforator Flaps of the Lower Extremity
Geoffrey G. Hallock, Mouchammed Agko, Hung-Chi Chen, S. Raja Sabapathy, Hari Venkatramani, and Madhu Periasamy Summary Some consider a perforator flap to be a variant of a fasciocutaneous flap that…
23 Bone Flaps and Bone Transport for Lower Limb Reconstruction
Matthew Iorio, Stephen Andrew Sems, and Steven L. Moran Summary Bone defects of greater than 5 cm are best managed with vascularized bone flaps. The fibula has remained the most…
22 Procurement of Thin Flaps as Indicated in the Lower Extremity
Joon Pio Hong Summary Elevation on the superficial fascia (super-thin) is a new approach for elevating flaps. It has advantages such as providing a thin flap allowing increased versatility to…
25 Lower Limb Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
Pedro C. Cavadas Summary Lower limb vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is not immunologically different from solid organ transplantation; so any recipients will require lifelong immune suppression (IS) to prevent rejection,…
26 Perioperative Care and Rehabilitation Specific to the Lower Limb
Manas Nigam, Michael V. Defazio, and Karen K. Evans Summary The lower extremity is subject to unique stresses and pathophysiologies that make reconstruction, particularly with free tissue, a challenging but…
16 Common Versatile Free Flaps for the Lower Extremity
Geoffrey G. Hallock, Waleed Gibreel, Karim Bakri, and Samir Mardini Summary Few would argue that the lower extremity might be the most difficult body region to resurface not just due…
