General Principles Exercise does not favor the gastrointestinal (GI) system. During exercise, blood flow is diverted from the splanchnic circulation and preferentially distributed to demanding peripheral muscles. An additional antagonist…
General Principles • There is growing interest in the incidence of infectious disease outbreaks among persons engaging in competitive sports. • Infectious outbreaks can affect sports participation and performance. •…
Altitude Environment • Barometric pressure is reduced at high altitudes, with a parallel decrease in inspired partial pressure of oxygen (P I O 2 ); thus, hypobaric hypoxia is the…
What Is Sport Psychology? Definitions • The American Psychological Association (APA) defined sport psychology (SP) as • Helping athletes apply psychological principles to achieve improved or optimal sport performance and…
Preparticipation Physical Evaluation (PPPE) • History and physical examination, with additional testing as indicated, is performed before participation in sport that meets several objectives and is one of the most…
General Considerations Definitions Physically challenged: combines all groups of athletes competing in international competitions such as Paralympics; such athletes have an impairment that limits their ability to participate in athletic…
General Considerations Demographics • It is widely accepted that the average life expectancy continues to increase; as it does, the proportion of older adults in the population also increases. •…
General Principles • A pediatric athlete can be any child or adolescent usually under the age of 18 years who participates regularly in sports activities. • Understanding physical and physiologic…
Exercise Physiology • Exercise can be defined as “bodily exertion, especially for the sake of training, recreation, or fitness.” • Science of processes and mechanisms of skeletal muscle contraction and…
Introduction • Wilderness sports differ from traditional sports in several ways. • Participation levels of athletes may vary: professional, sponsored, and paid athletes; athletic individuals and adventurers; and intermittent recreational…
