The Biceps Tendon
In the early 1980s it was not uncommon to see patients who had undergone isolated biceps tenodesis when in reality their symptoms emanated from rotator cuff disease and impingement syndrome….
Tumors and Related Conditions
Musculoskeletal tumors represent approximately 10% of all orthopedic diagnoses and may present a formidable clinical challenge because of their varying presentations and biologic behavior. They may come to clinical attention…
Nerve Problems Related to the Shoulder
Patients with shoulder pain or injuries not infrequently have concomitant neurologic conditions, and orthopedic surgeons caring for such patients must be aware of them. In addition, the practice of reconstructive…
Disorders of the Sternoclavicular Joint
The first detailed case report of a sternoclavicular (SC) joint injury appeared as early as 1843, and numerous related articles were published in the late nineteenth century. However, it was…
The Stiff Shoulder
The shoulder is a complex articulation consisting of the glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joint, and acromioclavicular joint. During normal shoulder elevation, there is a balance of motion between these articulations driven…
Fractures of the Scapula
The scapula is quite important in the functioning of the upper extremity. Lying over the posterior chest wall, it is an integral part of the connection between the upper extremity…
Occupational Shoulder Disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders can be characterized as “work-related diseases.” The World Health Organization (WHO) has described these diseases as multifactorial, with work contributing significantly, although not exclusively, to their causation. The…
Fractures of the Proximal Humerus
Proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) remain challenging to the treating orthopedist in both their initial diagnosis and classification and in their corresponding management. They account for approximately 5% of all fractures,…
Clinical Evaluation of Shoulder Problems
From the first days in medical school, physicians are taught that establishing a correct diagnosis depends on obtaining a meaningful and detailed medical history from the patient. This requires the…
Gross Anatomy of the Shoulder
We are faced with a paradox in shoulder anatomy. Knowledge regarding the details of shoulder anatomy has increased along with knowledge regarding its clinical significance. However, our exposure is decreasing….
