Radiographic assessment in pediatric brachial plexus palsies
Summary Box 1 Early imaging to evaluate injuries associated with neonatal brachial plexus palsies within the first week of life includes radiographs or ultrasonography. 2 At age 3 to 4…
Clinical examination of the patient with brachial plexus palsy
Summary box 1 Brachial plexus and upper extremity musculoskeletal anatomy must be thoroughly understood in order to properly examine, diagnose, and localize brachial plexus injuries. 2 The clinical examination of…
Outcomes of treatment for neonatal brachial plexus palsy
Summary box 1 Comparison of natural history to the outcome of surgical intervention for NBPP is limited by lesion variability, the different assessment paradigms used at different centers, and investigational…
The role of electrodiagnosis in infants with brachial plexus palsies
Summary Box 1 The vast majority of persistent brachial plexus lesions in infants is a combination of axonotmesis or neurotmesis in varying proportions. 2 Electrodiagnostic studies are able to determine…
Guidelines for attorney–physician interactions about brachial plexus palsy patients
Summary box 1 Establish all the terms and conditions of proposed expert witness work before agreeing to take on the case. 2 An expert witness should be an advocate only…
Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: Antecedent obstetrical factors
Summary box 1 Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) is identified in the immediate neonatal period and is due to trauma to the fetal brachial plexus at some point prior to…
Anatomy of the brachial plexus
Summary box 1 The brachial plexus can be organized into 5 zones: spinal nerve roots, trunks, divisions, cords and terminal branches. 2 C5-6 nerve roots form the upper trunk, C7…
Physiology of nerve injury and regeneration
Summary box 1 Worldwide prevalence of brachial plexus/peripheral nerve injuries continues to increase as the rates of motor vehicle collisions and “extreme sporting” accidents increase. 2 Brachial plexus injuries can…
Clinical presentation and considerations of neonatal brachial plexus palsy
Summary box 1 Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) can be defined as a flaccid paresis of an upper extremity due to traumatic stretching of the brachial plexus, with the passive…
Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries and Sternoclavicular Joint Injuries
Introduction John Apostolakos, BS Mark P. Cote, PT, DPT, MSCTR Knut Beitzel, MA, MD Augustus D. Mazzocca, MS, MD Epidemiology • Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries are considered among the most common orthopedic injuries to…
