Prolotherapy is an injection-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain. The historical roots of therapeutic intervention that may have similar underlying mechanisms of action, however, extend…
This chapter will discuss the uses of botulinum toxin for pain management in three of the myofascial pain disorders: cervical dystonia, myofascial pain syndrome and the piriformis syndrome. Although the…
Trigger point injections (TIs) are helpful treatment options in patients with acute and chronic muscle pain often associated with underlying bone or nerve pathology. This chapter will discuss the differences…
Tendons are impressively strong structures that link muscles to bone. They function to transmit the force of muscular contraction to a bone, thereby moving a joint or helping to immobilize…
Bursitis is commonly diagnosed and treated in clinical practices that focus on musculoskeletal medicine. Inflamed bursae often respond to conservative treatments including rest, cryotherapy, compression, physical/occupational therapy and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory…
Intraarticular injections with corticosteroids and anesthetic can be a useful treatment option for patients with disabling peripheral joint pain. The anesthetic injected can provide useful diagnostic information and help determine…
Lower extremity intraarticular injections with corticosteroids and anesthetics are useful treatment options for patients with hip, knee, ankle, or foot pain. Injections are given to treat acutely painful joints refractory…
Selective spinal injections are being performed with increasing frequency in the management of acute and chronic pain syndromes. Because these procedures require placing a needle in or around the spine,…
Currently, fluoroscopic guidance is used routinely for many interventional pain management procedures to obtain more precise localization of anatomic target areas. Fluoroscopy is used in many procedures, including swallowing studies,…
Physicians who routinely perform pain procedures need to understand certain elements of informed consent to minimize their risk of medicolegal entanglements. Often physicians have little or no training in obtaining…
