Local anaesthetics
A number of anaesthetics are used routinely in clinical practice. Those most commonly used are all amino amides, which are very stable in solution and metabolised by the liver. Amino…
Posterior Shoulder Instability
Epidemiology, Mechanism of Injury, History, Physical Examination, and Imaging Joseph A. Gil, MD Brett D. Owens, MD Abstract When treating posterior instability knowledge of risk factors that predispose a patient to develop…
Medial: Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
Epidemiology, Anatomy, Mechanism of Injury, History, Physical Examination, and Imaging Christopher S. Ahmad, MD Justin L. Hodgins, MD Abstract Injury to the medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) of the elbow is a…
Triceps Tendon Injury
Abstract Distal triceps tendon injuries are rare iin clinical settings, and the prevalence rate is twice as low in men as it is in women. The injury can present itself…
Lateral: Posterolateral Rotary Instability
Abstract Posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow is normally caused by a traumatic mechanism of injury that includes a combination of axial loading, valgus stress, and rotational force. The…
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum
Abstract Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow occurs in up to 3% of young athletes. These lesions, although often asymptomatic, can cause a significant interruption in a young athlete’s sports participation…
Lateral: Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Tendon Injury
Abstract Lateral elbow pain is a common issue amongst adult populations today, and the most common factors that causes the pain is lateral epicondylitis. The pathogenesis of the disease originates…
Distal Biceps Tendon Injury
Epidemiology, Etiology, Anatomy, History, Examination, and Imaging Samuel A. Taylor, MD Frank A. Cordasco, MD, MS Abstract Distal biceps ruptures are most common among middle-aged men and occur most commonly in the…
Medial: Flexor-Pronator Tendon Injury
Abstract The flexor-pronator muscle mass at the medial side of the elbow provides stabilization against valgus forces. Medial epicondylitis of the flexor-pronator muscle mass is most often caused by repetitive…
Prevention in Youth Sports (Early Sports Specialization): Injuries of the Throwing Shoulder
Abstract Injuries of the throwing shoulder are often overuse in nature. The increase in youths specializing in a single sport year round early in their athletic careers is believed to…
