Modalities ESSENTIAL POINTS OF PRESCRIPTION OF MODALITIES Diagnosis Impairments/disabilities Precautions Modality Area to be treated Intensity/settings/temperature range Frequency of treatment Duration of treatment Goals/objectives of treatment Date of reevaluation SELECTED…
Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit from the brain and brainstem. These nerves innervate the face, head, and neck, controlling all motor and sensory functions in these areas,…
Therapeutic Exercise MUSCLE FIBER CHARACTERISTICS Type I muscle fibers are “slow-twitch,” highly fatigue-resistant, grossly dark fibers (“dark meat”) that appear light on myosin ATPase (at pH 9.4) or PAS staining….
Osteoporosis OP is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a…
Amputation/Prosthetics EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOLOGY, AND LEVELS OF AMPUTATION In the United States, an estimated 185,000 people undergo an amputation of an upper or lower limb each year. It is estimated that…
Pain Medicine KEY DEFINITIONS Pain An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. Pain is always subjective. Many…
Rheumatology OSTEOARTHRITIS OA, the most prevalent form of arthritis in the United States, is caused by a disruption of the normal process of degradation and synthesis of articular cartilage and…
Miscellaneous Orthopaedic Tests Peripheral Arterial Insufficiency Peripheral arterial insufficiency may involve both the upper and lower extremities. It may be due to obstruction, traumatic occlusion, arthrosclerosis, diabetes, Buerger’s disease, or…
Gait And Gait Aids GAIT CYCLE The normal gait cycle has two primary components: stance phase, which represents the duration of foot contact with the ground, and swing phase, which…
Pediatrics: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis JIA is the most common rheumatic disease of childhood Diagnosis should fulfill the following criteria: occur before age 16 years persist for at least 6 weeks…
