Bundle Branch Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia

Chapter 26 Bundle Branch Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia




Pathophysiology


Bundle branch reentrant (BBR) ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a reentrant VT with a well-defined reentry circuit, incorporating the right bundle branch (RB) and left bundle branch (LB) as obligatory limbs of the circuit, connected proximally by the His bundle (HB) and distally by the ventricular septal myocardium (Fig. 26-1).



Single BBR beats can be induced in up to 50% of patients with normal intraventricular conduction undergoing electrophysiological (EP) study. The QRS during BBR can display either left bundle branch block (LBBB) or right bundle branch block (RBBB) when anterograde ventricular activation occurs over the RB or LB, respectively. The vast majority have LBBB configuration. BBR with an LBBB pattern can also occur occasionally during right ventricular (RV) pacing. This requires that the effective refractory period of the LB be longer than that of the RB, or that retrograde conduction over the RB be resumed after an initial bilateral block in the His-Purkinje system (HPS) (i.e., gap phenomenon). Left ventricular (LV) pacing does not seem to increase the yield of induction of BBR with RBBB morphology.1


In patients with normal intraventricular conduction, BBR is a self-limited phenomenon. The rapid conduction and long refractory period of the HPS prevent sustained BBR in normal hearts. Spontaneous termination of BBR most commonly occurs in the retrograde limb between the ventricular muscle and the HB.1 Sometimes, anterograde block can also occur, making refractoriness in the RB-Purkinje system the limiting factor. Continuation of BBR as a tachycardia is critically dependent on the interplay between conduction velocity and recovery of the tissue ahead of the reentrant wavefront. Two changes from normal physiology must occur for BBR to become sustained: (1) an anatomically longer reentrant pathway caused by a dilated heart, providing sufficiently longer conduction time around the HPS; and (2) slow conduction in the HPS caused by HPS disease.1 These two factors are responsible for sufficient prolongation of conduction time to permit expiration of the refractory period of the HPS ahead of the propagating reentrant wavefront.


Rarely, self-terminating BBR can occur with a narrow QRS during ventricular extrastimulation (VES) in the setting of normal intraventricular conduction. After retrograde conduction via the left anterior fascicle (LAF) or left posterior fascicle (LPF), anterograde propagation occurs over the RB and the remaining LB fascicle, resulting in a narrow QRS with either LAF or LPF block.



Clinical Considerations







Electrocardiographic Features



Baseline ECG


The baseline rhythm is usually NSR or atrial fibrillation (AF). Almost all patients with BBR VT demonstrate intraventricular conduction abnormalities. The most common ECG abnormality is nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD) with an LBBB pattern and PR interval prolongation (Fig. 26-2). Complete RBBB is rare but does not preclude BBR as the mechanism of VT. Although total interruption of conduction in one of the bundle branches would theoretically prevent occurrence of BBR, an ECG pattern of complete BBB may not be an accurate marker of complete conduction block; a similar QRS configuration can be caused by conduction delay, rather than block, in the bundle branch. Occasionally, complete AV block may be observed.2




ECG during Ventricular Tachycardia


Twelve-lead ECG documentation of BBR VT is usually unavailable because the VT is rapid and hemodynamically unstable. The VT rate is usually 180 to 300 beats/min. QRS morphology during VT is a typical BBB pattern and can be identical to that in NSR. BBR VT with an LBBB pattern is the most common VT morphology, and it usually has normal or left axis deviation (see Fig. 26-2). In contrast to VT of myocardial origin, BBR with an LBBB pattern characteristically shows a rapid intrinsicoid deflection in the right precordial leads, suggesting that initial ventricular activation occurs through the HPS and not ventricular muscle. BBR VT with an RBBB pattern usually has a leftward axis, but it can have a normal or rightward axis, depending on which fascicle is used for anterograde propagation.1



Electrophysiological Testing



Baseline Observations during Normal Sinus Rhythm


Conduction abnormalities in the HPS are almost invariably present and are a critical prerequisite for the development of sustained BBR, regardless of the underlying anatomical substrate (Fig. 26-3).5 The average HV interval is about 80 milliseconds (range, 60 to 110 milliseconds). Although some patients can have the HV interval in NSR within normal limits, functional HPS impairment in these patients manifests as HV interval prolongation or split HB potentials, commonly becoming evident during atrial programmed stimulation or burst pacing. Nonspecific IVCD with an LBBB pattern and PR interval prolongation are the most common abnormalities.2




Induction of Tachycardia


VES from the RV apex is the usual method used to induce BBR with an LBBB pattern. Induction is consistently dependent on the achievement of a critical conduction delay in the HPS (i.e., critical ventricular–His bundle [VH] interval) following the VES.


During RV pacing at a constant cycle length (CL) and during introduction of VES at relatively long coupling intervals, retrograde conduction to the HB occurs via the RB. At shorter VES coupling intervals, retrograde delay and block occur in the RB when its relative and effective refractory periods are encountered, respectively. When retrograde block occurs in the RB, the impulse propagates across the septum and retrogradely up the LB to the HB, producing a long V2-H2 interval. The LB would still be capable of retrograde conduction because of its shorter refractoriness and because of the delay associated with transseptal propagation. Further shortening of the coupling intervals is associated with increasing delay in LB conduction (i.e., increasing V2-H2 interval). Within a certain range of coupling intervals, increasing retrograde LB delay allows for the recovery of anterograde conduction via the RB, and another ventricular activation ensues, displaying a wide QRS with an LBBB pattern. This beat is called the “BBR beat” or “V3 phenomenon.”2


An inverse relationship exists between retrograde conduction delay in the LB (V2-H2 interval) and the time of anterograde conduction in the RB (H2-V3 interval). This is because the faster the impulse propagates transseptally and up the LB, the more likely it will reach the RB while it is still refractory from the previous retrograde activation (concealment) by the VES, resulting in slower anterograde conduction down the RB.


BBR is more likely to occur when the VES is delivered following pacing drives incorporating long to short CL changes as compared with constant CL drives, because of CL dependency of the HPS refractoriness. An abrupt change in CL (i.e., long to short) can result in a more distal site of retrograde block, and less concealment, along the myocardium-Purkinje-RB axis, which can allow sufficient recovery of excitability in the anterograde limb of the circuit (i.e., the RB-Purkinje-myocardium axis) for reentry to develop. In addition, earlier recovery of excitability along this axis, because of the more distal site of block and less concealment, is associated with a shorter H2-V3 interval in this reentrant beat.1


Procainamide, which increases conduction time within the HPS, especially in the diseased HPS, and, potentially, isoproterenol can facilitate induction of sustained BBR. In some patients, the arrhythmia can be inducible only with atrial pacing.2

< div class='tao-gold-member'>

Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue

Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel

Jun 22, 2016 | Posted by in MUSCULOSKELETAL MEDICINE | Comments Off on Bundle Branch Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia

Full access? Get Clinical Tree

Get Clinical Tree app for offline access