ANATOMY

The early stages of inflammatory arthritis of the elbow are characterized by painful synovitis without articular or bony deformity. If synovitis persists, secondary changes may occur. Progressive ligamentous, cartilaginous, and bony destruction may result in progressive instability and deformity. Proliferation of the synovium or distention of the joint capsule may result in compression of the ulnar or radial nerves. The end stage of disease is characterized by severe cartilage loss, damage to the subchondral bone, and elbow instability that result in a joint that is painful, weak, and unstable.

PATIENT EVALUATION

History and Physical Examination

A complete history and physical examination aid in operative planning. Pain and stiffness are common complaints of early synovitis, whereas instability is usually associated with more advanced disease. The examiner should elicit information to help identify the underlying disease process and prior treatment. Review of systems may reveal other joint involvement by rheumatoid arthritis, skin lesions in psoriatic arthritis, or sequelae of bleeding disorders such as hemophilia.

Physical examination often reveals a boggy swelling posterolaterally, which indicates synovitis or effusion (Fig. 11-1). The range of motion of the elbow and forearm should be documented with the use of a goniometer. If there is a loss of motion, a soft end point suggests a soft tissue cause, such as a tense effusion with synovitis or capsular contracture, whereas a firm end point suggests osseous deformity. For instance, the synovial tissue in patients with hemophilic arthropathy is hypertrophic, highly vascular, and prone to impingement between the articular surfaces. Synovectomy alone cannot address the loss of motion due to a bony abnormality. Limitation in rotation may be caused by radial head deformity and may need to be addressed by radial head resection at the time of the synovectomy (see Chapter 10). In the setting of rotational stiffness, examination and imaging of the wrist are important to rule out pathology of the distal radioulnar joint as a cause, especially in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, in which involvement of this joint is common.

FIGURE 11-1 Lateral swelling is indicative of extensive synovitis in a 65-year-old woman with Mayo grade III rheumatoid arthritis of the right elbow.

A routine neurovascular examination is important. The posterior interosseous and ulnar nerves may be compressed by synovitis of the elbow. The location of the ulnar nerve also should be assessed. Prior ulnar nerve transposition contraindicates percutaneous placement of medial portals. Preoperative ulnar nerve dysfunction is an indication for in situ release or transposition of the nerve at the time of arthroscopy.

Diagnostic Imaging

Plain radiographs of the elbow reveal the degree of joint destruction, which aids in estimating the expected efficacy of synovectomy in the rheumatoid elbow (Fig. 11-2A and B). The Mayo Clinic classification of rheumatoid elbows,¹¹ which grades the severity of disease based on the radiographic appearance, can be useful in guiding treatment. Grade I is primarily synovitis with no radiographic changes other than periarticular osteopenia or soft tissue swelling. In grade II, there is narrowing of the joint, but the architecture of the joint is intact. In grade III, there is alteration of the subchondral architecture of the joint, such as thinning of the olecranon or resorption of the trochlea or capitellum. In grade IV, there is gross destruction of the joint. Grade V is ankylosis.

FIGURE 11-2 Preoperative anteroposterior (A) and lateral (B) radiographs were obtained for a 58-year-old woman with Mayo grade III rheumatoid arthritis with associated intractable synovitis. Preoperative sagittal magnetic resonance imaging shows the radiocapitellar (C) and ulnohumeral (D) joints.

Computed tomography (CT) can better define the osseous anatomy, including osteophytes and deformity of the radial head. Radial head deformities identified on imaging may need to be addressed by radial head resection at the time of the synovectomy (see Chapter 10). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful for determining the extent of synovitis and nonossified loose bodies (see Fig. 11-2C and D).

Indications and Contraindications

Rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow is the most common indication for arthroscopic synovectomy in inflammatory arthritis.¹^–⁴ Synovectomy for rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow is indicated in the setting of persistent, painful synovitis with associated loss of function despite an adequate trial of medical management. Although the best results are seen in patients with some preserved articular cartilage and only mild bony deformity, arthroscopic synovectomy also should be considered in patients with more advanced disease who are younger or have pauciarticular disease. Arthroscopic débridement and synovectomy is a reasonable option in this group given the concerns about the longevity of total elbow arthroplasty.

Arthroscopic synovectomy is used to treat patients with hemophilia who have recurrent elbow hemarthroses and synovitis.⁵^–⁷ Patients should have failed treatment with factor replacement for 3 to 6 months before being considered for synovectomy.⁸ With improved factor replacement, the incidence hemophilic patients with persistent synovitis requiring surgery seems to be decreasing over time. Arthroscopic synovectomy is also indicated for psoriatic arthritis and acute septic arthritis.⁹

Inadequate expertise of the treating surgeon is a contraindication to arthroscopic synovectomy. Arthroscopy of the rheumatoid elbow is technically demanding and has been associated with an increased risk of nerve injury.¹² Patients with greater stiffness and deformity have diminished capsular volume, reducing the working room in the elbow.¹³ Initial visualization is often poor, and the capsule is often very thin and friable, increasing the risk of inadvertent capsulectomy and nerve injury. Surgeons with less arthroscopic experience should manage these patients with open surgery or refer them to someone more skilled at advanced arthroscopic techniques of the elbow.

An inadequate trial of medical management is another contraindication to synovectomy for inflammatory arthritis. With improvements in nonsurgical management of rheumatoid arthritis, only patients who fail an adequate trial of disease-modifying agents, usually for a minimum of 6 months, should be considered for arthroscopic synovectomy.

Advanced articular destruction and bony deformity is a relative contraindication. The results of synovectomy are less favorable in this setting. Gross instability, often a result of severe joint destruction, is considered a contraindication, because synovectomy cannot address symptoms related to instability and may instead aggravate these symptoms.¹⁴