Index

• AAOS see American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)
  
• ACB see adductor canal block (ACB)
  
• ACDF see anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)
  
• acetabular bone loss  215
  
  
  
  • revisions
    
    
    
    • classification system  213–215
      
    • management techniques  215–216
      
    • porous tantalum  216–217
  
  
• acetabular dysplasia  119
  
• acetabular fractures
  
  
  
  • surgical complications  549–550
    
  • surgical fixation  548–549
    
  • surgical treatment  547–548
  
  
• acetaminophen  92
  
• acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)  290–291
  
• Achilles tendinopathy (AT)  849–852
  
  
  
  • eccentric exercises vs. shockwave therapy  849–850
    
  • PRP injections  850
  
  
• ACL see anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  
• ACL injuries see anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries
  
• ACLR see anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR)
  
• acromioclavicular (AC) joint
  
  
  
  • delayed surgery  478
    
  • high‐grade injuries  475–476
    
  • temporary hook plate fixation  476–478
  
  
• Activities Scale for Kids (ASK)  1023
  
• acupuncture  94
  
• acute compartment syndrome (CS)
  
  
  
  • anterior compartment  443–444
    
  • clinical assessment  442–443
    
  • delayed fasciotomy  441–442
  
  
• acute low back pain  1061–1062
  
• acute lumbar spondylolysis  1062–1063
  
• acute osteomyelitis  1036–1038
  
• acute post‐traumatic hemarthrosis  785
  
• acute scaphoid fractures  877–882
  
  
  
  • imaging  877–878
  
  
• adductor canal block (ACB)  93
  
• adenosine diphosphate (ADP)  713
  
• adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  713
  
• adolescent and adult deformity
  
  
  
  • nonoperative management  687–690
    
  • operative management  693–696
  
  
• adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)  687–690, 688–689
  
• adolescent spondylolisthesis
  
  
  
  • acute low back pain  1061–1062
    
  • acute lumbar spondylolysis  1062–1063
    
  • low‐grade vs. high‐grade spondylolisthesis  1063–1064
  
  
• ADP see adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
  
• adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR)
  
  
  
  • MoM THA  181–182
    
  • MoP THA  179–180
  
  
• adverse reaction to metal debris (ARMD)  148
  
• AE see all‐epiphyseal (AE); angioembolization (AE)
  
• AF see ankle fusion (AF)
  
• AFF see atypical femoral fractures (AFF)
  
• AFO see ankle foot orthosis (AFO)
  
• AIS see adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)
  
• ALBC see antibiotic‐loaded bone cement (ALBC)
  
• all‐epiphyseal (AE)  1109
  
• allograft  793–794
  
• allograft vs. megaprosthesis  999–1004
  
  
  
  • postoperative complications  1000–1001
  
  
• alpha‐defensin  191–193, 396
  
• ALTR see adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR)
  
• ambulatory cerebral palsy  1022
  
• ambulatory cerebral palsy (CP)
  
  
  
  • MLS  1029–1030
    
  • 3DGA  1030–1031
  
  
• American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)  214
  
• American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS)  1120
  
• American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores  737
  
• American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)  43
  
• AMF see anteromedial facet (AMF)
  
• AMIC procedure see Autologous Matrix‐Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) procedure
  
• anatomic‐specific/condition‐specific measures  28
  
• angioembolization (AE)  542–543
  
• ankle foot orthosis (AFO)  1116
  
• ankle fusion (AF)  401–404
  
• ankle ligament injuries  843–847
  
  
  
  • anatomy  843
    
  • functional support vs. cast immobilization  844–845
    
  • imaging  844
    
  • surgery  845–846
  
  
• ankle osteoarthritis
  
  
  
  • AF  401–404
    
  • TAR  401–404
  
  
• ankle sprain  843
  
• anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)  657
  
• anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)  254
  
  
  
  • cartilage and meniscus with delayed reconstruction  1107–1108
    
  • re‐injury prevention  1110–1111
    
  • re‐rupture rates, pain or RTS  1108–1110
  
  
• anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries  793–798, 805–810
  
  
  
  • autograft vs. allograft  793–794
  
  
• anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR)  794, 819–822
  
• anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)  843
  
• anterolateral ligament  819–823
  
• anteromedial facet (AMF)  499–500
  
• antibiotic‐loaded bone cement (ALBC)  164
  
  
  
  • antibiotics  223
    
  • aseptic mechanical failure rates  222–223
    
  • PJI  221–222
  
  
• antibiotics  394–395
  
• AOFAS see American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS)
  
• ARMD see adverse reaction to metal debris (ARMD)
  
• arthrodesis  874–875, 1122–1123
  
• arthrofibrosis, TKA
  
  
  
  • arthroscopic arthrolysis  282
    
  • prevent  279–280
    
  • ROM  280–281
  
  
• arthroscopy
  
  
  
  • in carpal instability  889–890
    
  • hip  779
    
  • in Kienböck’s disease  897
  
  
• ASA see acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
  
• ASBMR see The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)
  
• aseptic loosening  162
  
• ASES scores see American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores
  
• ASK see Activities Scale for Kids (ASK)
  
• assessors  20–21
  
• AT see Achilles tendinopathy (AT)
  
• ATFL see anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
  
• ATP see adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  
• atypical femoral fractures (AFF)  43
  
• autograft  793–794
  
• Autologous Matrix‐Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) procedure  780
  
• avascular necrosis (AVN)  565–567, 1055

• bacterial osteomyelitis (BOM)  1038–1039
  
• Bankart repair see labrum repair
  
• betadine lavage  395
  
• biceps tendinopathy  743–747
  
  
  
  • biceps tendon debridement vs. tenodesis or tenotomy  744–745
    
  • clinical examination and imaging  743–744
  
  
• biomarkers  1039
  
• biophysical outcome measures  25, 27–28
  
• bisphosphonates  41–44, 45
  
• blood glucose control  394
  
• blood transfusions
  
  
  
  • perioperative patients  55–56
    
  • postoperative patients  57–58
    
  • reducing transfusion rates  56–57
  
  
• BMI see body mass index (BMI)
  
• BMP see bone‐morphogenetic protein (BMP)
  
• body functions  1020
  
• body mass index (BMI)  1100
  
  
  
  • calcium  105–109
    
  • vitamin D  105–109
  
  
• body structures  1020
  
• BOM see bacterial osteomyelitis (BOM)
  
• bone biopsy  1039
  
• bone‐morphogenetic protein (BMP)
  
  
  
  • ICBG  78–79
    
  • intramedullary nailing  75–77
    
  • revision surgery  77–78
  
  
• bone morphogenetic protein‐7  77–79
  
• bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB)  793–795
  
• bone tendon bone (BTB)  1108
  
• borderline acetabular dysplasia  119–120
  
• BPTB see bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB)
  
• bracing  1101–1102
  
• Bracing in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Trial (BrAIST)  687
  
• BTB see bone tendon bone (BTB)
  
• burners  657

• calcaneal fractures
  
  
  
  • minimally invasive reduction  632–633
    
  • operative treatment  631–632
    
  • primary fusion  633–634
  
  
• calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)  843
  
• calcaneonavicular (CN) tarsal coalition  1121
  
• calcium  41
  
  
  
  • BMI  107–108
    
  • bone mineral density  105–107
    
  • malnutrition  108–109
  
  
• calcium phosphate
  
  
  
  • autogenous bone grafting  451–452
    
  • iliac crest  452–453
    
  • osteoporotic cancellous bone  453–454
  
  
• Canadian Association of Radiologists and Osteoporosis Canada (CAROC) system  40
  
• cannabis  92
  
• capitellar physis  769–770
  
• capsular approach  302
  
• care delivery value chain (CDVC)  32
  
• CAROC system see Canadian Association of Radiologists and Osteoporosis Canada (CAROC) system
  
• carpal dislocations
  
  
  
  • early fixation  526
    
  • K‐wire fixation  526–527
    
  • perilunate dislocations  525–526
  
  
• carpal fractures
  
  
  
  • casting without thumb  532–533
    
  • scaphoid fracture  529–532
    
  • union rates  533–534
  
  
• carpal instability  889–893
  
  
  
  • arthroscopy in  889–890
  
  
• carpal subluxation  874–875
  
• carpal tunnel release (CTR)  913–916
  
  
  
  • minor operating rooms  917–920
  
  
• carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
  
  
  
  • anesthesia for  915
    
  • minor operating rooms  917–920
    
  • nonoperative management  907–911
    
  • operative management  913–916
  
  
• cartilage lesions (knee)  825–829
  
  
  
  • MRI for  825–826
    
  • surgery for  826–827
  
  
• cartilage restoration techniques  780
  
• CAS‐THA see computer assisted THA (CAS‐THA)
  
• CAT see computer adaptive testing (CAT); computerized adaptive testing (CAT)
  
• CAV see combined anteversion (CAV)
  
• cavovarus foot
  
  
  
  • CMT  419–420
    
  • lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy  420–421
    
  • PB  420
    
  • PL  420
  
  
• CBC see complete blood count (CBC)
  
• CBT see cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
  
• CDVC see care delivery value chain (CDVC)
  
• cell salvage  57
  
• cement
  
  
  
  • longer‐term survival  163–164
    
  • prevent infection  164–165
    
  • TSA
    
    
    
    • antibiotic‐impregnated cement  371–372
      
    • functional outcomes  369–370
      
    • implant survival  370–371
  
  
  
  
  • uncemented femoral stem  161–162
  
  
• cemented vs. uncemented fixation, TKA
  
  
  
  • bone quality adjacent  233–234
    
  • clinical outcomes  232–233
    
  • younger patients  231–232
  
  
• cephalomedullary nail (CMN)  577–579
  
• ceramic
  
  
  
  • metal/polyethylene  153–155
    
  • revision rates  156–157
    
  • set of complications  155–156
  
  
• ceramic‐on‐ceramic (CoC)  147
  
• ceramic‐on‐polyethylene (CoP)  180–181
  
• cerebral palsy (CP)
  
  
  
  • MLS  1029–1030
    
  • surveillance for hip displacement  1031–1033
    
  • 3DGA  1030–1031
  
  
• CFL see calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)
  
• chemoprophylaxis  290
  
• Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ)  1023
  
• chronic benign bone lesion  1038–1039
  
• chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO)  1038–1039
  
• chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)  1038–1039
  
• citation management software  14
  
• clavicle fractures
  
  
  
  • IMN  471–472
    
  • nondisplaced fractures  469–470
    
  • nonoperative management 470–471
  
  
• clinical outcome measures  27–28
  
• closed reduction  1053–1054
  
• closed‐wedge high tibial osteotomy (CWHTO)  838–839
  
• Clostridium histolyticum  947
  
• clubfoot
  
  
  
  • foot abduction orthoses  1115–1116
    
  • in older children  1116–1117
    
  • Ponseti treatment  1113–1115
  
  
• CMN see cephalomedullary nail (CMN)
  
• CNB see core needle biopsy (CNB)
  
• CNO see chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO)
  
• CoC see ceramic‐on‐ceramic (CoC)
  
• cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)  101, 651
  
• cohort study  9
  
• combined anterior cruciate ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries  805–810
  
  
  
  • risk factors  806–807
    
  • treatment for  807–809
  
  
• combined anteversion (CAV)  130
  
• complete blood count (CBC)  308
  
• complete transphyseal (CT) reconstruction  1109
  
• computed tomography (CT)  308
  
  
  
  • for recurrent shoulder instability  726
    
  • for shoulder dislocation  719
  
  
• computer adaptive testing (CAT)  1024
  
• computer assisted THA (CAS‐THA)  132
  
• computerized adaptive testing (CAT)  28
  
• construct validity  1022
  
• continuous passive motion (CPM)  94, 279–280
  
• convergent validity  1022
  
• CoP see ceramic‐on‐polyethylene (CoP)
  
• core needle biopsy (CNB)  1005–1007
  
• corticosteroids  900
  
• CP see cerebral palsy (CP)
  
• CPM see continuous passive motion (CPM)
  
• C‐reactive protein (CRP)  60, 308, 395
  
• creatine supplementation  713–715
  
• CRMO see chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)
  
• cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE)  168
  
• CRP see C‐reactive protein (CRP)
  
• cruciate retaining (CR) vs. posterior stabilized (PS)total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
  
  
  
  • 
    
    
    
    • background  237
      
    • implant survival  239
      
    • importance of problem  237–238
      
    • osteoarthritis  238–240
      
    • patient‐reported clinical outcomes  238
      
    • ROM  239–240
  
  
• cryotherapy  94
  
• CT see complete transphyseal (CT); computed tomography (CT)
  
• CTR see carpal tunnel release (CTR)
  
• CTS see carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
  
• CWHTO see closed‐wedge high tibial osteotomy (CWHTO)

• DAA see direct anterior approach (DAA)
  
• damage control orthopedics (DCO)  589–592
  
  
  
  • borderline/unstable condition  425–428
    
  • external fixator  429
  
  
• DASH see Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH)
  
• DCM see degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM)
  
• DCO see damage control orthopedics (DCO)
  
• DDH see developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH)
  
• deep vein thrombosis (DVT)  289
  
• degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM)  659–662
  
• denosumab  44, 45–46, 1011–1016
  
  
  
  • benefits of  1014–1015
    
  • safety of  1011–1013
  
  
• developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH)  1075
  
  
  
  • harness/brace treatment  1077–1078
    
  • selective ultrasound (US)  1075–1076
  
  
• direct anterior approach (DAA)
  
  
  
  • acceptable radiographic alignment  124–125
    
  • early and late functional benefit  123–124
    
  • higher complication rate  125–126
  
  
• direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)  290
  
• Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH)  1023
  
• Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores
  
  
  
  • in carpal instability  891–892
    
  • in distal radius malunions  856–858
    
  • in finger fractures  971
    
  • in Kienböck’s disease  896–897
    
  • in lateral epicondylitis  764, 766
    
  • in rotator cuff tears  732
    
  • in shoulder dislocation  720
    
  • in thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis  922–923
    
  • in trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis  900–901
    
  • in wrist osteoarthritis  867, 869–870
  
  
• discriminative outcome measure  1022
  
• distal femur fractures
  
  
  
  • locking plates  595–596
    
  • morbidity and mortality  596–597
    
  • postoperative nonunion rate  597–598
  
  
• distal humerus fractures
  
  
  
  • olecranon osteotomy  491–493
    
  • open‐reduction and internal fixation  495
    
  • orthogonal plating  493–494
  
  
• distal radial‐ulnar joint (DRUJ)  861–865, 873–874
  
• distal radius fractures
  
  
  
  • fluoroscopic reduction  523–524
    
  • supplementary pin fixation  521–522
    
  • volar plating  522–523
  
  
• distal radius malunions  855–859
  
  
  
  • closed reduction vs. cast or percutaneous pin fixation  856–857
    
  • corrective osteotomy  857–858
  
  
• distal ulnar resection arthroplasty  873–874
  
• DM see dual mobility (DM)
  
• DOACs see direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)
  
• docking technique  756–757
  
• domestic violence see intimate partner violence (IPV)
  
• double‐blind RCT, in sports medicine  714
  
• double‐bundle (DB) reconstruction technique  801–802
  
• DRUJ see distal radial‐ulnar joint (DRUJ)
  
• dual mobility (DM)
  
  
  
  • long‐term survival  176
    
  • predict dislocation  173–175
    
  • type of dislocation  175–176
  
  
• Dupuytren’s disease  947–951
  
• DVT see deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

• early onset scoliosis (EOS)
  
  
  
  • MCGRs  1069–1070
    
  • nonidiopathic  1067–1069
    
  • traditional spinal growing rods  1070–1071
  
  
• early protective motion (EPM)  961
  
• earned run average (ERA)  757
  
• EBM see evidence‐based medicine (EBM)
  
• eccentric exercises  849–850
  
• ECTR see endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR)
  
• Education on Domestic Violence: Understanding Clinicians’ and Traumatologists’ Experiences (EDUCATE)  85–86
  
• elastic intramedullary nailing (EIN)  1044
  
• elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN)  1025
  
• elbow dislocations
  
  
  
  • AMF  499–500
    
  • internal fixation  501–502
    
  • nonoperative management  500–501
  
  
• electrodiagnostic studies (EMG/NCS), for CTS  908–909
  
• electrotherapy  94
  
• ELISA see enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
  
• endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR)  914–915
  
• Enterococcus faecalis  191
  
• enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)  192
  
• EOS see early onset scoliosis (EOS)
  
• EOS^® system  130
  
• epidural analgesia  93
  
• EPM see early protective motion (EPM)
  
• EQ5D see EuroQol five‐dimensional questionnaire (EQ5D)
  
• ERA see earned run average (ERA)
  
• ergogenic acids  713–716
  
  
  
  • creatine supplement vs. nonsupplement  713–715
    
    
    
    • adverse side effects  715
      
    • physiological changes  714–715
  
  
• erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)  60, 308, 395–396
  
• erythropoietin (EPO) administration  56
  
• ESIN see elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN)
  
• ESR see erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  
• ESWT see extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT)
  
• EuroQol five‐dimensional questionnaire (EQ5D)  32
  
• evidence‐based medicine (EBM)  3, 1019
  
• evidence‐based orthopedics (EBO)
  
  
  
  • applying  4–5
    
  • importance  3
    
  • misconceptions  5–6
    
  • principles  4
    
  • visualization  3
  
  
• exposure and implant options, TKA
  
  
  
  • bone defects  303–304
    
  • complications  302–303
    
  • optimal outcomes  301–302
  
  
• extensor mechanism  302
  
• extensor tendon injuries  935–946
  
  
  
  • active range of motion rehabilitation protocol vs. immobilization  936
    
  • multistrand core suture techniques  935–936
    
  • preoperative factors  944–945
  
  
• extracapsular hip fractures
  
  
  
  • arthroplasty  580
    
  • CMN  577–579
    
  • orthogeriatric co‐management programs  579
  
  
• extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT)  449, 849

• F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)  61
  
• FAI see femoroacetabular impingement (FAI)
  
• FAITH see Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH)
  
• FAO see foot abduction orthosis (FAO)
  
• FARES see Fast, Reliable, and Safe (FARES)
  
• fasciectomy  947
  
• Fast, Reliable, and Safe (FARES)  718
  
• FDP see flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
  
• FDS see flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
  
• femoral and pelvic osteotomies  1084
  
• femoral bone defects, rTKA
  
  
  
  • 
    
    
    
    • allograft‐prosthetic composite  344–345
      
    • periprosthetic distal femoral bone defects  342
      
    • structural allograft reconstruction  343–344
  
  
• femoral head  1081–1082
  
  
  
  • fractures
    
    
    
    • digastric trochanteric flip osteotomy  560–561
      
    • open reduction and internal fixation  562
      
    • operative intervention  559–560
  
  
• femoral neck fractures
  
  
  
  • in elder patients
    
    
    
    • hemiarthroplasty  573–574
      
    • internal fixation  571–572
      
    • SHSs  572–573
  
  
  
  
  • in younger patients
    
    
    
    • AVN  565–567
      
    • complication rates  568–569
      
    • treatment  567–568
  
  
• femoral nerve block (FNB)  93
  
• femoral shaft fractures
  
  
  
  • DCO  589–592
    
  • open femur fractures  592–593
  
  
• femoral varus osteotomy  1083
  
• femoroacetabular impingement (FAI)  779–782, 1088
  
  
  
  • acetabular dysplasia  119
    
  • borderline acetabular dysplasia  119–120
    
  • nonoperative treatment  117–118
  
  
• femur fractures  1093
  
• fielding independent pitching  757
  
• fifth metatarsal fractures
  
  
  
  • nonoperative management  645–646
    
  • operative treatment  646–647
    
  • radiological outcome  643–644
  
  
• fine needle aspiration (FNA)  1005–1006
  
• finger fractures  969–972
  
• 1st metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint
  
  
  
  • functional outcomes  408–410
    
  • higher rates of return  410
    
  • nonoperative treatment modalities  407–408
  
  
• Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH)  107
  
• flatfoot deformity  1122
  
• flexion, abduction, and external rotation (FABER) test  780
  
• flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)  933
  
• flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)  933
  
• flexor tendon injuries
  
  
  
  • rehabilitation  931–934
    
  • surgical management  925–929
  
  
• flexor tenosynovectomy  954
  
• FMS see Functional Mobility Scale (FMS)
  
• FNA see fine needle aspiration (FNA)
  
• FNB see femoral nerve block (FNB)
  
• foot abduction orthosis (FAO)  1113, 1115–1116
  
• forearm fractures
  
  
  
  • DRUJ injuries  517–518
    
  • isolated ulnar shaft fractures  516–517
    
  • plate fixation  518–521
    
  • radial shaft fracture location  515–516
  
  
• 4CA see four‐corner arthrodesis (4CA)
  
• four‐corner arthrodesis (4CA)  868–869
  
• fracture  155–156
  
• fracture clinical trial of denosumab (FREEDOM)  44
  
• Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®)  40
  
• fragility fractures
  
  
  
  • hip fractures  39
    
  • long‐term costs  39
    
  • postmenopausal women
    
    
    
    • with low BMD  41–44
      
    • over age of 50  40–41
      
    • pharmacological treatment  44–46
  
  
• fragility hip fracture
  
  
  
  • clinical outcomes  72–73
    
  • early surgical repair  73
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