14
Muscles of the thoracic wall
The M. pectoralis major shapes the surface of the anterior upper thoracic wall. Beneath this muscle lies the M. pectoralis minor. These two muscles, together with the M. subclavius, belong to the group of ventral muscles of the shoulder girdle (Tab. 26).
The Mm. intercostales externi and interni fill the intercostal spaces. The Mm. subcostales and the M. transversus thoracis lie next to them on the inner side of the thoracic wall.
| O: superior margin of the lower ribs between the Tuberculum and Angulus costae | I: inferior margin of the lower ribs, skipping one rib | F: depress the ribs, expiration |
15
Ventral muscles of the abdominal wall
The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, the M. rectus abdominis and the M. pyramidalis, are located within the rectus sheath.
16
Lateral muscles of the abdominal wall
The M. obliquus externus abdominis, the M. obliquus internus abdominis and the M. transversus abdominis are collectively named the lateral muscles of the abdominal wall. Their tendinous plates form the rectus sheath. In both men and women, the M. cremaster separates from the M. obliquus abdominis internus and the M. transversus.
| O: separation of the M. obliquus internus and the M. transversus abdominis | I: surrounds the spermatic cord, in women the Lig. teres uteri | F: lifts the testis |
17
Dorsal muscles of the abdominal wall
The M. quadratus lumborum forms the muscular basis of the posterior abdominal wall. The M. psoas major follows medially thereof.
18
Spinocostal muscles
The spinocostal muscles, M. serratus posterior superior and M. serratus posterior inferior, are thin muscles of minor functional relevance and are located deeply on the autochthonous muscles of the back.
19
Autochthonous muscles of the back
19.1
Lateral tract
The lateral tract of the autochthonous muscles of the back covers the medial tract in the cervical and lumbar regions. Hence, it is also referred to as the superficial part of the autochthonous muscles of the back. The M. iliocostalis, the M. longissimus and the Mm. intertransversarii constitute the group of straight muscles. Diverging cranially in an oblique angle (spinotransversal) are the Mm. splenii.
The Mm. levatores costarum run in an oblique laterocaudal direction to the ribs.
a Sacrospinal system
b Intertransversal system
c Spinotransversal system
d Mm. levatores costarum
19.2
Medial tract
The medial tract of the autochthonous muscles of the back is located beneath the lateral tract in the cervical and lumbar regions. Hence, it is also referred to as the deep part of the autochthonous muscles of the back. The Mm. interspinales and the M. spinalis constitute the group of straight muscles. The Mm. rotatores, the Mm. multifidi and the M. semispinalis converge in an oblique craniomedial direction (transversospinal).
a Spinal system
b Transversospinal system
19.3
Autochthonous deep muscles of the neck
20
Movements of the head joint and cervical spine
| Movement | Muscles involved in the movement |
|---|---|
| C0–C1-joint | |
| Flexion | M. longus capitis, M. rectus capitis anterior |
| Extension | M. rectus capitis posterior, M. semispinalis capitis, M. splenius capitis, M. obliquus capitis superior, M. sternocleidomastoideus, M. trapezius |
| Lateral flexion | M. rectus capitis lateralis, M. splenius capitis, M. semispinalis capitis, M. sternocleidomastoideus (of the same side), M. trapezius (of the same side) |
| C1–C2-joint | |
| Rotation – ipsilateral contraction | M. obliquus capitis superior, M. obliquus capitis inferior, M. rectus capitis posterior, M. splenius capitis, M. longissimus capitis |
| Rotation – contralateral contraction | M. sternocleidomastoideus, M. semispinalis capitis |
| C2–C7 | |
| Flexion | M. sternocleidomastoideus, Mm. scaleni, M. longus capitis, M. rectus capitis anterior |
| Extension | M. splenius capitis, M. semispinalis capitis, M. semispinalis cervicis, M. splenius cervicis, M. semispinalis thoracis, M. rectus capitis posterior, M. obliquus capitis |
| Lateral flexion | Mm. scaleni, M. longus capitis, M. rectus capitis lateralis, M. longus colli, M. semispinalis capitis, M. semispinalis cervicis, M. semispinalis thoracis |
| Rotation | M. sternocleidomastoideus, M. splenius capitis, M. longus capitis, M. longus colli, M. rectus capitis posterior, M. obliquus capitis, M. semispinalis thoracis, M. semispinalis capitis, M. semispinalis cervicis, M. splenius cervicis |
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