The management of stroke patients. Conference of experts with a public hearing. Mulhouse (France), 22 October 2008




Abstract


The objective is to define as early as possible appropriate criteria for managing patients who have had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke, beginning in the Neurovascular and Acute Care Services, in order to facilitate the patient’s return home (or the equivalent of home) or continuing care in the most appropriate health care facility.


Three clinical assessment tools are used in the initial care phase because they are robust and reproducible:


– the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score appears to be the best clinical assessment tool. It is the reference scale used during the acute phase of a stroke because it predicts the patient’s chances of recovery and the medium-term functional recovery;


– the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is an initial assessment tool useful in predicting the medium-term evolution in terms of level of consciousness, essentially in cases of cerebral hemorrhage or severe cerebral infarction;


– the Barthel Index (BI), scored from 0 – 100, is used during the first seven days after a stroke, and the index’s progression over the following two weeks is a factor in predicting the functional recovery of stroke patients.


The values of these tools must take the markers of clinical stability into account during the initial phase. These markers also have a predictive value:


– the curve of the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and the prognosis of stroke patients would have a U-shape, with extreme BP values having a negative influence;


– hyperthermia and hypoxia are also early predictive factors of poor functional and vital prognoses;


– the presence and continuation of urinary incontinence and/or swallowing disorders are important predictive factors for a poor functional prognosis and a higher mortality rate in the medium term.


Complementary examinations make it possible to approximate the anatomical, metabolic and physiological status of the injured cerebral parenchyma early on, when the processes of reparation and plasticity restoration have already begun. The reparation process is a complex multifactor phenomenon that can, at any moment, be called into question; it cannot be predicted with certainty by complementary examinations only, at least at the current level of knowledge.


Two parameters seem decisive in using imaging to predict stroke recovery: MRI exploration of the cerebral parenchyma and the exploration of vascular permeability via perfusion imaging. Currently, the place of functional and molecular imaging appears to be limited. Among the possible neurophysiological explorations, only motor evoked potentials (MEP) represent a simple, non-invasive, low-cost procedure that can have additional prognostic value. Hyperglycemia also has a negative impact on the functional and vital prognoses. The usefulness of biomarkers has not yet been validated.


Other clinical factors influence the prognosis. Though age is an aggravating factor in the vital prognosis of stroke patients, it cannot be considered an independent factor in the functional prognosis due to the multiple co-morbidities associated with age. Diabetes, ischemic cardiopathies and atrial fibrillation are co morbidities that worsen the functional and vital prognoses of stroke patients.


Cognitive disorders without dementia also have a negative influence on the functional prognosis, particularly hemi spatial neglect and phasic disorders accompanied by comprehension problems. Post-stroke dementia plays a very detrimental role. However, even though they can delay the acquisition of increased autonomy, cognitive disorders are not an obstacle for rehabilitation, and depression apparently has no influence on the rehabilitation results.


Family is an essential factor. Family support is a necessary condition for the patient’s discharge from the hospital and affects the length of the hospital stay. Wide-ranging effective organized family support improves the patient’s functional status. The factors that make it possible for the patient to return home are the existence of home support, a moderate level of impairment and being of the masculine gender. Social rank and socioeconomic status also play a role: when rank and status are low, they are not only stroke risk factors but also increase the risks of poststroke mortality and of institutionalization.


For the health care system to perform well, stroke management plans must respect two requirements:


– individual requirement: the best possible match between the patient’s needs and possibilities and the follow-up services, without missing any patient opportunity for an optimal return to normalcy;


– organizational requirement: early intervention and the optimal transfer time in order to insure system flexibility and make it possible for the greatest number of patients to benefit from care in a specialized facility, particularly during the acute phase of the stroke.


Patients will preferably be directed towards:


– an intermediary or Intensive Care facility and then a rehabilitation facility specialized in brain injuries. Patients with severe impairment (NIHSS over 16), when they are conscious and off artificial ventilation, with or without a tracheotomy; malignant stroke patients, postdecompressive hemicraniectomy; and stroke patients with basilar trunk occlusion, after thrombolysis recanalization;


– a follow-up and rehabilitation care facility specialized in neurological disorders. Patients with medium-level hemiplegia (NIHSS between 5 and 15 and/or Barthel Index ≥ 20) who begin to improve in the first 7 days and younger patients with more serious hemiplegia if there is no rehabilitation facility specialized in brain injuries nearby;


– a non-specialized follow-up and rehabilitation care facility or one that is specialized in the disorders of polypathologic elderly patients who are dependent or at risk of being dependent. Patients with serious hemiplegia without any signs of recovery in the first 7 days, who have multiple indicators of a poor prognosis (Barthel Index < 20, persistent incontinence, multiple complex deficiencies) and/or who do not need a coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation program or will not, in the immediate future, be able to take part in at least 3 hours of exercise per day;


– a facility for dependent elderly people. Elderly patients, especially those over 80 years of age, who are socially isolated and/or have had a severe stroke resulting in motor and cognitive deficits, swallowing disorders and incontinence;


Except for the case of minor strokes that spontaneously evolve towards recovery, the decision for an early return home for patients with deficits is based on three criteria: need (i.e., a persistent incapacity that is nonetheless compatible with life at home and rehabilitation), feasibility (i.e., patient residence in the same geographic zone as the hospital) and safety (i.e., stability of the medical situation). This kind of return is more frequent in northern Europe than in France, and it is significantly correlated with a better medium-term recovery, in terms of preventing death and increasing autonomy and satisfaction. The positive impact of an early discharge is more significant in moderately dependent patients (initial Barthel Index > 45).


Two factors are essential for the success of such early returns home:


– a home visit carried out before the patient’s discharge;


– a multidisciplinary team (physiotherapists, occupational therapist, speech therapist, doctor, nurse and social worker) who, at the end of the patient’s hospital stay, takes responsibility for appropriate patient care immediately following the patient’s discharge, for a period of approximately three months and a minimum frequency of four sessions per week.


The Early Supported Discharge (ESD) model developed in Anglosaxon countries, which facilitates and conditions this kind of discharge plan, does not correspond exactly to the French health system’s Hospitalisation à domicile (HAD), but the correspondence between the two is worth exploring. In the absence of a multidisciplinary intervention, the early long-term intervention (at least 5 months) of an occupational therapist in the patient’s home can reduce the patient’s level of impairment after an early return home (less than 1 month after the stroke).


Maintaining the patient in his/her home starts by identifying the needs of both the patient and the caregivers, updating these needs as the situation evolves. The multidisciplinary team plays an important role in maintaining, even increasing, the patient’s autonomy, and improving the patient’s quality of life and that of his/her caregivers, while ensuring an optimal level of safety in the home. This is accomplished by educating both the patient and caregivers and by home interventions. The failure to maintain the patient at home can be caused by the worsening of the patient’s condition (e.g., intercurrent disorders, loss of autonomy) or unpredictable factors (e.g., death of the patient’s spouse), but also by the exhaustion of the patient’s caregivers.


When patient autonomy backslides or the patient loses interest, the intervention of a multidisciplinary team in the home of the stroke patient can help to reduce the deterioration rate of the activities of daily living (ADLs) and increase the patient’s capacity to do personal activities. This intervention consists of repeat visits in the three months that follow the patient’s discharge from the hospital. The health care providers and the caregivers need information about transfer techniques, adapting and using technical aids, fall prevention and the development of safety strategies for the home, improving communication difficulties, and adapting to the patient’s visual disturbances and emotional changes. In the absence of a structured multidisciplinary team, occupational therapy can have a positive effect on personal and instrumental ADLs and social participation. Physiotherapy in the home alone doesn’t seem to have a significant effect on the patient’s functional capacities.


Résumé


L’objectif est de définir le plus précocement possible des critères pertinents d’orientation des patients atteints d’AVC à partir des unités neurovasculaires (UNV) ou structures de soin aiguë, afin de faciliter le retour au domicile (ou équivalent de domicile) ou la poursuite de la prise en charge dans les structures de soin les plus adaptées.


Dès la phase initiale, trois outils cliniques sont utiles car robustes et reproductibles :


– le score NIHSS apparaît comme le meilleur outil clinique d’évaluation et est l’échelle de référence à utiliser durant la phase aiguë des AVC car prédictif du pronostic vital et du devenir fonctionnel à moyen terme ;


– le score de Glasgow est un outil d’évaluation initial utile comme facteur prédictif de l’évolution à moyen terme de la vigilance, essentiellement en cas d’hémorragie cérébrale ou d’infarctus cérébral sévère ;


– l’index de Barthel (côté sur 100), réalisé dans les sept premiers jours et sa progression au cours des deux premières semaines représentent un facteur prédictif du devenir fonctionnel des patients AVC.


Les valeurs de ces indices doivent tenir compte de marqueurs de stabilité clinique à la phase initiale qui ont également leur valeur pronostique :


– la relation entre la pression artérielle (PA) et le pronostic des patients AVC suivrait une courbe en U avec une influence péjorative des valeurs extrêmes de PA ;


– une hyperthermie ainsi qu’une hypoxie constituent des facteurs prédictifs précoces de mauvais pronostic fonctionnel et vital ;


– la présence (et la persistance) d’une incontinence urinaire et/ou de troubles de la déglutition représente un important facteur prédictif de mauvais pronostic fonctionnel et de surmortalité à moyen terme.


Les examens complémentaires permettent d’approcher précocement l’état anatomique, métabolique et physiologique du parenchyme cérébral lésé, alors que déjà s’amorcent les processus de réparation et de plasticité. Phénomène multifactoriel d’une grande complexité, pouvant à chaque instant être remis en cause, le processus de réparation ne peut être prédit avec certitude en l’état de nos connaissances par ces seules explorations. Deux paramètres semblent déterminants dans l’utilisation de l’imagerie à visée pronostique dans le cadre d’un AVC : l’exploration du parenchyme cérébral en IRM et l’exploration de la perméabilité vasculaire en imagerie de perfusion. Actuellement, la place de l’imagerie fonctionnelle et moléculaire semble limitée. Parmi les explorations neurophysiologiques, seuls les potentiels évoqués moteurs (PEM) représentent une technique simple, non invasive et peu coûteuse pouvant apporter une valeur pronostique additionnelle. L’hyperglycémie a un effet délétère sur le pronostic vital et fonctionnel. L’utilité des biomarqueurs n’est actuellement pas validée.


D’autres facteurs cliniques influencent le pronostic. L’âge est un facteur aggravant le pronostic vital des AVC, mais qui ne peut pas être considéré comme un facteur de pronostic fonctionnel indépendant du fait des polymorbidités associées à l’âge. Le diabète, les cardiopathies ischémiques et la fibrillation auriculaire sont des comorbidités aggravant le pronostic vital et fonctionnel des AVC.


Les troubles cognitifs non démentiels ont une influence péjorative sur le pronostic fonctionnel et en particulier les troubles phasiques avec troubles de la compréhension, l’héminégligence. Les syndromes démentiels post-AVC ont un rôle très défavorable. Cependant, les troubles cognitifs, s’ils retardent l’acquisition des gains d’autonomie, ne sont pas un obstacle à la prise en charge en rééducation. La dépression n’influence pas le résultat de la rééducation.


L’entourage familial est un facteur essentiel conditionnant le mode de sortie et la durée d’hospitalisation. Un support familial important, efficace et organisé, améliore ainsi le statut fonctionnel. Les facteurs favorisant le retour à domicile sont la présence d’un aidant naturel à domicile, un niveau de handicap modeste, le sexe masculin ; le niveau social et le statut socioéconomique jouent un rôle : faibles ils sont non seulement facteurs de risque d’AVC, de mortalité post-AVC, mais aussi d’institutionnalisation.


Pour le bon fonctionnement de la filière de soins, l’orientation doit respecter deux impératifs :


– impératif individuel : meilleure adéquation possible entre les besoins et possibilités des patients et les prestations des services de suite, sans perte de chance pour les patients ;


– impératif organisationnel : précocité de l’orientation et meilleur délai possible de transfert afin d’assurer la fluidité de la filière et de faire bénéficier le plus grand nombre de patients d’une prise en charge par une structure dédiée, notamment à la phase aiguë de l’AVC.


Seront orientés préférentiellement :


– vers une structure intermédiaire de postréanimation puis une structure de rééducation et réadaptation spécialisée pour cérébrolésés : les déficit sévères (NIHSS supérieur à 16), lorsqu’ils sont conscients, sevrés de la ventilation artificielle sans ou avec trachéotomie ; les AVC cérébraux malins après hémicrâniectomie décompressive ; les AVC par occlusion du tronc basilaire après recanalisation par thrombolyse ;


– vers le SSR spécialisé en affections neurologiques : les hémiplégies de gravité intermédiaire (NIHSS entre 5 et 15 et Barthel Index ≥ 20) avec un début d’amélioration dans les septpremiers jours , et les hémiplégies plus graves chez des sujets plus jeunes dans la mesure où il n’y a pas à proximité de structure de rééducation et réadaptation spécialisée pour cérébrolésés ;


– vers les SSR non spécialisés ou spécialisés en affections de la personne âgée polypathologique dépendante ou à risque de dépendance : les hémiplégies graves sans signe de récupération dans les sept premiers jours avec présence de signes de mauvais pronostic (Barthel Index < 20, persistance d’une incontinence, multiplicité et complexité des déficiences) et qui n’ont pas besoin d’un programme de rééducation multidisciplinaire coordonné ou ne sont pas en mesure de participer à au moins trois heures de rééducation par jour à brève échéance ;


– vers un établissement pour personne âgée dépendante (EHPAD) : les patients d’âge avancé, surtout au-delà de 80 ans, avec isolement social, dont l’AVC est sévère (déficit moteur et cognitif, troubles de la déglutition et incontinence).


Hors le cas des AVC mineurs évoluant spontanément vers la récupération, le retour précoce au domicile du patient déficitaire est fondé sur trois critères : la persistance d’une incapacité compatible avec la vie au domicile et la nécessité d’une prise en charge en rééducation, la faisabilité (résidence du patient dans la même zone géographique que l’hôpital) et la sécurité , c’est à dire la stabilité au plan médical.


Ce mode de retour, plus fréquent dans l’Europe du Nord qu’en France, est significativement associé à une meilleure évolution à moyen terme, que ce soit en termes de décès, d’autonomie ou de satisfaction. L’impact positif d’une sortie précoce est plus important chez les patients modérément dépendants (indice de Barthel initial > 45).


Deux éléments conditionnent la réussite de ce retour au domicile


– une visite du domicile réalisée avant la sortie ;


– une équipe multidisciplinaire (kinésithérapeute, ergothérapeute, orthophoniste, médecin, infirmière et assistante sociale) prenant en charge les patients à leur sortie et assurant des soins adaptés dès le jour de la sortie, pendant environ trois mois et à une fréquence de quatre fois par semaine au minimum.


Le modèle de l’ early supported discharge (ESD) développé dans les pays anglo-saxons qui accompagne et conditionne ce retour ne correspond pas tout à fait à l’HAD tel que notre système de santé l’entend, mais mérite d’être développé.


À défaut d’intervention multidisciplinaire, l’intervention précoce mais durable (cinq mois) au domicile d’un ergothérapeute réduit le handicap du patient avec retour précoce au domicile (moins d’un mois après l’AVC).


Le maintien au domicile passent d’abord par l’identification des besoins, des patients comme des aidants, et leur actualisation ; là encore l’équipe multidisciplinaire joue un rôle pour maintenir, voire accroître l’autonomie du patient, améliorer sa qualité de vie et celle de son entourage, tout en assurant une sécurité optimale au domicile. Cela passe par l’éducation du patient et des aidants, comme par l’intervention au domicile.


Les causes de l’échec de ce maintien peuvent être dues à une aggravation de l’état du patient (affection intercurrente, perte d’autonomie), à des facteurs imprévisibles (perte du conjoint) mais aussi à l’épuisement de l’entourage.


L’intervention d’une équipe multidisciplinaire au domicile à distance de la l’AVC, lorsque s’installe régression de l’autonomie, désintérêt, contribue à réduire le taux de détérioration dans les activités de la vie quotidienne et à augmenter les capacités du patient à faire des activités personnelles. Elle consiste en des visites répétées dans les trois mois suivants la sortie. Les soignants et au-delà les aidants ont besoin d’informations sur les techniques de transfert, l’adaptation et l’utilisation des aides techniques, la prévention des chutes et le développement de stratégies de sécurité à domicile, l’amélioration des difficultés de communication, l’adaptation aux perturbations visuelles et aux changement émotionnels du patient. À défaut d’équipe multidisciplinaire structurée, l’ergothérapie a un effet positif sur les AVQ personnelles, instrumentales et la participation sociale ; la kinésithérapie à domicile seule ne semble pas avoir d’effet significatif sur les capacités fonctionnelles du patient.



English version



Glossary



ADLs


activities of daily living


AEP


Auditory Evoked Potential


BI


Barthel Index (scores up to 100), measures the incapacities connected to motor and visceral impairments


Caregiver


the people who supply personal assistance (monitoring, safety and/or transfer aid). They may be family members, friends, or paid personnel. They don’t provide medical care, either technical or basic.


CT-scan


computerized axial tomography


Early Supported Discharge (ESD)


multidisciplinary team, usually composed of doctors (PRM or not) knowledgeable about the stroke issues, nurses, occupational therapists, speech therapists, social workers and a secretary. This team intervenes at the hospital and continues to intervene in the patient’s home.


EHPAD


French acronym for a follow-up medical facility for dependent elderly people (+60 years of age) under tripartite multi-year contract between the facility, the Departmental Council and the Departmental Administration for Medical and Social Actions. These facilities are partially medicalized, with the presence of salaried nurses, but also, as needed, doctors, physiotherapists and speech therapists working in private practice


HBP


High Blood Pressure, or Hypertension


HTN


Hypertension, or high blood pressure


MAP


Mean Arterial Pressure


MEP


Motor Evoked Potentials


MRI


Magnetic Resonance Imaging


NIHSS


National Institute of Health Stroke Scale


NVCU


Neuro-Vascular Care Unit, a section of the hospital providing neuro-vascular care.


PET-scan


Positron Emission Tomography


PMSI


French acronym for the Programme de Medicalisation du Systeme d’Information , a form of centralized electronic medical records


QoL


Quality of Life


SAMAD


French acronym for a program of assistance intended to help keeping the patient in his/her home


SBP


Systolic Blood Pressure


SEP


Somatosensory Evoked Potentials


SSR


French acronym for a follow-up care and rehabilitation facility (medium-term stay)


USLD


French acronym for the long-term care facility (medical), which has the job of lodging patients who need Significant Medical-Technical Care (French acronym: SMTI) and who thus need to be cared for in a facility that has sufficient material and human means at its disposal to properly and safely care for “serious” pathologies that are still evolving and/or unstable.




Recommendations



Committees


Steering committee: Michel Barat (President), Maurice Giroud, Jacques Pélissier (Secretary).


Scientific committee: Gilles Kemoun (Secretary – bibliographic research), Philippe Marque, Jean-Louis Mas, Jean-Philippe Neau (President), Denis Sablot (Secretary).


Peer reviewing committee: Geriatricians: Marc Verny, Joël Belmin, Fabienne Yvain; General Practioner: Bernard Gay. Neurologists: Hélène Mahagne, France Woimant, Mathieu Zuber; PRM specialists: Paul Calmels, André Thévenon, Jean Sengler.



Objective


Define as early as possible the appropriate criteria for managing stroke (Cerebral Vascular Accident [CVA]) patients, starting in the Neurovascular and/or Acute Care Services, in order to facilitate the patient’s return home (or the equivalent of home) or continuing care in the most appropriate health care facility.



Sponsors


The French Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (Sofmer), the French Society of Neurovascular Disorders (SFNV) and the French Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics (SFGG).



Chosen method


Conference of experts with a public hearing, according to the SOFMER method*






The questions and the experts


1. What are the prognosis criteria during the initial phase (the first 10 days)?


1a. What are the criteria for clinical stabilization? Which clinical assessment tools are used in the initial phase? (20 min)


P. Dehail (PRM specialist, Geriatrician, Bordeaux), C. Arquizan (Neurologist, Montpellier)


1b. What is the impact of imaging?


I. Sibon (Neurologist, Bordeaux), P. Ménégon (Neuroradiologist, Bordeaux)


1c. What is the impact of neurophysiology?


G. Nicolas (Neurologist, Angers)


1d. What is the impact of neurobiology?


G. Godenèche (Neurologist, Poitiers)


2. What is the impact of the patient’s physiological status and his/her environment?


2a. What is the impact of age and polypathology?


F. Mounier-Vehier (Neurologist, Lens), J. Boddaert (Geriatrician, Pitié-Salpétrière),


2b. What is the impact of emotional and cognitive status?


H. Henon (Neurologist, Lille), J.M. Wirotius (PRM specialist, Brive)


2c. What is the impact of family and living conditions (material & architectural) on the management of stroke patients?


M. Rousseaux (PRM specialist, Lille), V. Wolff (Neurologist, Strasbourg)


3. What are the criteria for patient management following the initial phase (the first 10 days)?


3a Which patients should be targeted for a return to their homes, based on what criteria (excluding transitory ischemic stroke [TIS] patients and including minor strokes)?


C. Bénaim (PRM specialist, Nice), T. Moulin (Neurologist, Besançon), D. Pérennou (PRM specialist, Dijon)


3b How should severe stroke (CVA) patients (e.g., those with hematoma or massive infarction with or without craniotomy, brain stem stroke and Locked-In Syndrome [LIS], or complicated vascular malformations) be managed?


J. Froger (PRM specialist, Nîmes), R. Robert (Intensive Care specialist, Poitiers), S. Crozier (Neurologist, Pitié Salpétrière), B. Bataille (Neurosurgeon, Poitiers).


3c Which patients should be directed towards a follow-up care facility specialized in neurological rehabilitation, based on which criteria? Which patients should be directed towards a follow-up care facility non-specialized in rehabilitation, based on which criteria?


J.C. Daviet (PRM specialist, Limoges), P. Decavel (Neurologist, Besançon)


4. What is the impact of intrahospital organization and the district’s medical and social organization?


4a. Which patients should be provisionally directed towards the Home Medical Care program?


S. Timsit (Neurologist, Brest), A. Schnitzler (PRM specialist, Garches)


4b. Which patients should be directed towards a program providing assistance so that they can remain in their own homes?


F. Pellas (PRM specialist, Nîmes), J.F. Pinel (Neurologist, Rennes)


4c. Which patients should be directed towards a facility for dependent elderly people?


T. Vogel (Geriatrician, Strasbourg), M. Bruandet (Neurologist, Saint-Joseph)


4d. What are the conditions for maintaining a patient who has poststroke deficits in his/her home?


O. Simon (PRM specialist, Bichat), G. Rodier (Neurologist, Mulhouse)



Calendar































































Chronology Committee Action
2 July 2007
Telephone meeting
Steering committee
4 to 10 members (sponsoring societies, diverse practice modes & locations)
Choose the questions
Organize the materials
Designate the Scientific Committee and the Peer Reviewing Committee
17 September 2007
Telephone meeting
Scientific Committee
6 to 10 members (represented societies, diverse practice modes & locations)
Analyze the literature (bases, keywords) and develop the recommendations
Designate the Peer Reviewing Committee
17 September 2007
Telephone meeting
Documentalists
School of Medicine, Poitiers
Complete bibliographic research
Select abstracts
Submit the abstracts to the Scientific Committee, which will select the articles
Distribute the articles to the experts
8 October 2007
Physical & Telephone meeting (public transportation strike at the SNCF & RATP)
Hôpital Saint-Anne , Paris
Scientific Committee & Expert Commission
(2 experts per question or sub-question)
(sponsoring societies, diverse practice modes & locations)
Analyze the articles, the ranking of the evidence and the category of the recommendations
Each expert, independently, must write a report
9 September 2008
Physical meeting
Hôpital Cochin , Paris
Scientific Committee & Expert Commission Review and harmonize the work done
Come to a consensus about the recommendations
9 September 2008
Physical meeting
Hôpital Cochin , Paris
Scientific Committee Develop a questionnaire to evaluate the practices
22 October 2008
Conference of Experts with a Public Hearing
Steering Committee, Scientific Committee & Expert Commission
Public Hearing before the members of the sponsoring societies
Present the conclusions (presented by the experts)
Collect the various practices and discuss them
Draw the final conclusions
30 November 2008
Email exchanges
Peer Reviewing Committee
10 to 12 members; multidisciplinary
Critique the articles read
Write the definitive version of the recommendations based on the literature and French conventions for daily practice, approved by the Peer Reviewing Committee
15 December 2008 Scientific Journals & Websites of the Partner Societies Publish the Recommendations



Introduction


Cerebral Vascular Accidents (CVA), or strokes, are the primary cause of handicap in Europe. Applied to French demographics, the European data show 140,000 strokes/year (176,000 including recurrent stroke), and the data in the Dijon stroke register show 91800 strokes/year. In 2005, the French program for centralized electronic medical records (PMSI) recorded 130,000 hospital stays linked to stroke in public and private institutions, with half of the patients being over 70 years of age; one out of four patients died, and 1 out of 4 had lasting sequela.


The administrative memo DHOS/DGS/DGAS No. 517 of 3 November 2003 described the organization of care starting in the initial phase; it also defined the concept of Neuro-Vascular Care Unit (NVCU) and created the regional care facilities that have since been established. The administrative memo DHOS/DGS/DGAS No. 108 of 22 March 2007 completed the 2003 memo. Both highlight the importance of flexibility in order to guarantee the best care of patients with impairment, downstream, and the receiving capacity, upstream. The report by Jean Bardet, a member of the Parliament, on early stroke intervention recommends the same kind of flexibility.


The initial phase corresponds to initial care (i.e., emergency room, Neurovascular Care Unit, Neuro-Intensive Care, general medical care) until the patient is clinically stable. This phase corresponds approximately to the first ten days after the stroke. Once this phase is past, the patient should be targeted for either a return home or a transfer to the most appropriate care facility. This discharge plan must satisfy criteria that guarantee:




  • the access of the patient to the facility that is the most likely to be able to improve his/her functional status, taking into account the place where the patient lives, his/her needs in terms of care, the available technology and the capacity of care offered by the most appropriate facility;



  • the flexibility of the care, thus avoiding the risk that the patient will miss any opportunity for recovery.



Beyond stabilization of the vital signs, the ultimate objective is a functional objective (i.e., acquiring an independent functional level and a satisfactory level of Quality of Life (QoL) as measured by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)). Only an appropriate, effective follow-up care and rehabilitation facility can fulfill this objective. The 2008 SFNV-SOFMER national survey, with 165 neurology services responding, reported a return home in 37% of the cases, with 24% of the cases being transferred to a Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) facility and 14% to a non-specialized downstream facility. These figures are close to those from a previous survey in 1999.


The administrative memo DHOS/DGS/DGAS No. 517 of 3 November 2003 underlines the importance of the “coordination between acute care and follow-up care and rehabilitation” and “the organization of the downstream facilities in order to avoid the saturation of the NVCU”. However, the patient management criteria are not really described in detail. It is true that the 2001 publication of “ Critères de prise en charge en MPR ” (PRM care criteria) (2001 edition, chapter 13, 2nd section) gave a partial response, but the criteria remain vague.


Consequently, it appears essential for PRM doctors, neurologists, geriatricians and general practitioners, who are all confronted with the need to care for stroke patients, to determine useful robust management criteria that take into account the most recent data about the factors involved in the vital and functional prognosis and the most recent resources in terms of the rehabilitation techniques for cognitive, motor, sensory and visceral impairments of stroke patients, as well as programs for their reintegration. This is the primary objective of these recommendations.


The administrative memo DHOS/DGS/DGAS No. 517 of 3 November 2003 also distinguishes between PRM and medicalized follow-up care without PRM. The distinction is no longer appropriate; the publication of the Decree No. 2008-377 of 17 April 2008 – which defined the organization of the patient follow-up in terms of the clinical path, as indicated by the disorder in question instead of the previous definition in terms of the typology of the facilities – made the proximity of the facility a priority. The administrative memo No. DHOS/O1/2008/305 of 3 October 2008, pertaining to the Decree No. 2008-377 of 17 April 2008 regulating follow-up care and rehabilitation, defined a general framework in which the care of neurological disorders (e.g., stroke) will figure. The objectives are quite general. It will thus be important, depending on the patient’s status and the care objectives, to have more precise details concerning what can be expected of the follow-up care facility towards which the patient is directed. This is the secondary objective of these recommendations.


In order to make this text easier to read, we chose not to systematically include the ranking of the evidence and the category of the research recommendations. The ranking, categories and bibliographic references will appear in the arguments of the experts in response to the various questions that will be published in 2009 by the three partner scholarly societies.



Initial phase prognosis criteria



Clinical assessment tools


Three clinical assessment tools are indispensable during this phase due to their robustness and their reproducibility.



National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)


Developed for acute phase tests, the NIHSS is a scale with 11 items and scores ranging from 0 to 42. This scale allows a quantitative analysis of neurological insufficiency (or deficits of a neurological origin). It has a very good reproducibility, inter- and intra-observer. It can be executed rapidly in less than 10 minutes, providing the reference score for the acute stroke phase (Rank 2, Category B). Its limitations include the assessment of cerebral infarctions, which are less well evaluated due to language disorders in left hemisphere lesions and due to hemispatial neglect in right hemisphere lesions, and the score’s cut-off value for predicting the patient’s progress, which can be different in cases affecting the anterior or posterior circulation. The initial NIHSS score helps to predict the initial progress and the 3-month clinical evolution.


There are three categories of NIHSS scores:




  • NIHSS < 7: good prognosis (lack of aggravating factors and a good recovery at 3 months);



  • NIHSS 7–16: intermediate score;



  • NIHSS > 16: poor prognosis (especially if > 22).




Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)


The GCS score has a mid-term predictive value for mortality and recovery after a recent stroke. It has a high prognostic value particularly for hemorrhages and serious infarctions (Rank 2, Category B).



Barthel Index (BI)


The BI allows the patient’s functional recovery to be estimated in terms of rehabilitation. The initial BI score at the acute stroke phase helps to predict the length of the hospital stay, the level of functional recovery and the destination at discharge (Rank 2, Category B). The BI score’s progression from day 2 to day 15 is one of the principal predictive factors of the functional recovery 1 year after the stroke. Nonetheless, questions still persist about the threshold value that will provide a good functional prognosis and about when this index should be used. For example, this index is not suitable for use during the early phase immediately after the stroke, in which the patient is confined to bed, because of the possibility of underestimating the patient’s functional aptitudes.


The values of these tools must take into account the markers of clinical stability. These markers also have a predictive value:




  • Blood pressure (BP)


    The influence of BP values is a subject of controversy. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) or the mean arterial pressure (MAP) at admittance has a negative influence on the vital and functional prognosis in the short-term (1st month), mid-term (3 months) and long-term (> 1 year). Hypertension, or high blood pressure (HBP) – developed in the 24 hours following the stroke and not chronic HBP – is associated with a worsening of the 3-month prognosis, as well as with a diminished level of consciousness. Increases in the MAP in the first days following a stroke have a more negative impact than the initial MAP value (1- and 3-month prognosis). Increases in pulse pressure (PP) (differential) in the first hours following a stroke is associated with a worsening of the 3-month functional prognosis, an increased risk of mortality and recidivism 1 year after the stroke.


    In other studies, the increase of the SBP in the 24 hours following a stroke has been associated with improved short- and mid-term prognoses. However, a decrease in SBP (> 20 mmHg) caused by the treatment, unlike a spontaneous decrease in the SBP, is associated with a deterioration of the neurological status and the prognosis.


    The curve of the relationship between the BP and the prognosis of stroke patients would have a U-shape, with a negative influence for the extreme BP values (cerebral complications when the BP is too high, cardiac complications when the BP is too low) (Rank 1, Category A). The optimal systolic blood pressure ranges between 150 and 180 mm Hg, while the optimal diastolic blood pressure ranges between 90 and 130 mm HG.



  • Hyper/hypothermia and hypoxia


    Even moderate hyperthermia has been associated with greater stroke severity, a significant deterioration of the vital and functional prognosis at 48 hours and at 1 and 5 years, and a delay in the discharge from the NVCU and the follow-up care facility (Rank 2, Category B). It appears that there is no one agreed-on definition of hyperthermia. Only temperature increases observed after the 8th hour following the stroke have been associated with an influence on the 3-month prognosis, depending on the severity of the stroke.


    There is no real agreement about the influence of initial hypothermia on the functional recovery and the post-stroke mortality.


    Initial hypoxia (SaO 2 < 90 or 92%) has been associated with a worsening of the NIHSS score and an increase in mortality at 3 months (Rank 2, Category B).



  • Swallowing disorders


    The existence or persistence of swallowing disorders during the initial post-stroke phase has been associated in the mid- and long-term with a worse functional prognosis, an increased risk of institutionalization and an increased mortality rate (Rank 2, Category B).



  • Urinary incontinence


    The existence or persistence of urinary incontinence during the initial phase is a factor that is independent of poor functional prognosis and mortality at 3 months. It is associated with the level of impairment, a reduced Quality of Life (QoL) and a risk of institutionalization (Rank 2, Category B). It is also associated with an increase in urinary tract infections and malnutrition.




Complementary examinations


Complementary examinations make it possible to approximate the anatomical, metabolic and physiological status of the injured cerebral parenchyma early on, when the processes of reparation and plasticity restoration have already begun. The reparation process is a complex multifactor phenomenon that can, at any moment, be called into question; it cannot be predicted with certainty by complementary examinations only, at least at the current level of knowledge.



Imaging


It is important to be able to visualize the cerebral parenchyma, its vascularization and its perfusion. Imaging helps to better ascertain not only the vital prognosis, but also the functional prognosis, as well as the specific prognoses for various disorders (e.g., epilepsy, Parkinson’s Disease and vascular dementia [VAD]).


Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and CT-scans evaluate the type, volume, location and number of lesions and preexisting anomalies. They make it possible to visualize leucoencephalopathic lesions and micro-bleeds.


The volume of the area affected appears to be correlated with the vital prognosis in cases of cerebral infarction and haematoma, especially in young patients. The correlation with the functional prognosis has been discussed in cases of cerebral infarction (Category C). However, a haematoma volume over 30 ml would have a poor functional prognosis, even though it would depend on the location of the haematoma, since the impact is not the same for different locations (Rank 2, Category B). There is no clearly established link between cerebral infarction and the specific prognoses mentioned above, but there is a link between the intracerebral haematoma and the risk of vascular epilepsy.


In terms of the location of the lesion, the functional prognosis would be worse in cases of middle cerebral artery infarction and cerebral territorial infarction than in cases of junctional infarction or deep subcortical infarction. The location of a haematoma in the posterior fossa has an impact on the vital prognosis (Rank 3, Category C, Expert consensus), but its influence on the functional prognosis is a subject of discussion. There seems to be no systematic correlation between vascular Parkinson’s disease or vascular dementia and the location of the lesion. With respect to epilepsy, it seems that only a link between partial epilepsy and cortical lesions can be made.


Nonetheless, the number of lesions seems to be correlated to the functional prognosis, with a risk of vascular epilepsy, and researchers have wondered about the correlation to the risk of worsening cognitive function (Rank 2, Category B). The signs of rupture of the hemato-encephalic barrier have been linked to a poor functional prognosis and to death 30 days after an intra-cerebral hematoma (Rank 2, Category B). There is no data concerning the specific prognosis for epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and vascular dementia. Last, hemorrhagic changes indicate a poor vital prognosis if they are over 25 ml (Rank 2, Category B), but the correlation to the functional prognosis is still a subject of discussion.


Pre-existing anomalies also play a role. The signs of leuco-encephalopathy indicate a worse vital and functional prognosis and an increased risk of stroke recidivism, vascular dementia and vascular Parkinson’s disease (Rank 2, Category B). Micro-bleeds have been correlated to the degree of leuco-encephalopathy and are associated with an increased recidivism risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.


CT angiography and MR angiography allow vascular permeability and occlusion locations to be visualized. Diffusion and perfusion imaging during the acute phase allow the extent of the infarction to be predicted and thus are a factor in the vital prognosis (Rank 2, Category B). The location of the occlusion and the possibilities for reperfusion have an effect on the vital and functional prognosis between 1 and 3 months. Reperfusion is a good prognosis factor if it occurs sufficiently early, particularly in the vertebro-basilar territory.


Functional MRIs and PET-Scans , which provide indications concerning functional and neurochemical changes, have been studied very little for the acute phase and thus have little practical impact at the present time.



Neuro-physiology


Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP) seem to be able to provide additional prognostic value compared to imaging or clinical evaluations. There is a correlation between the MEP of the upper limbs in the early phases of the stroke and the long-term prognosis of ischemic stroke patients. Recording MEP may be of interest in cases in which the initial impact is severe or, on the contrary, in the less serious cases (Rank 2, Category B). MEP provide more information about strength recovery than about functional recovery (Rank 2, Category B). Certain questions remain to be answered, such as which muscles should be used, the ideal time to conduct the examination, and the advantages of MEP for the lower limbs.


Although there has been little research compared to MEP, Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SEP) do not appear to provide any convincing data; however, Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEP) of the brain stem could be of interest in the most serious stroke cases.



Biological parameters


Numerous studies have shown that hyperglycemia during the initial phase is associated with a worse prognosis, an increased risk of early neurological deterioration (in the first 48 hours) and a bigger infarction.


The biomarkers reflect cerebral gliosis (NSE, S-100 Protein), excitotoxicity (Glutamate, GABA), inflammation (Cytokines: Il-6, TNF-alpha; C-reactive protein; Cell adhesion molecules: VCAM1, ICAM1), oxydative stress (Ferritin, Bilirubinemia, NO), endothelial lesions (Fibronectin, MMP9, Endothelin 1, Albuminuria) and coagulation status (Fibrinogen, PAI1, D-Dimer). Although numerous biomarkers have been studied, particularly in cases of ischemic stroke, very few have been studied during the acute phase of cerebral hemorrhages, and no bio-marker has currently been validated for use as a prognostic tool.



Clinical factors that influence the prognosis



Age and polypathology



Age


Age, as a linear criterion, is associated with the most negative vital prognosis (Rank 1, Category A). In terms of the functional prognosis, most studies agree on the negative influence of age, but several studies have contested the negative influence of age and/or its independent nature (Category C). Threshold values have been the subject of several publications. It would seem that the over-85 population has a worse vital and functional prognosis (Expert consensus).



Polypathology


For strokes of equal severity, a loss of autonomy prior to the stroke, as well as a diminished general prestroke state of health, can be correlated to increased mortality and dependence (Rank 2, Category B).



Diabetes


Diabetes has a negative impact on the vital and functional prognoses (Rank 2, Category B).



Ischemic cardiopathy and atrial fibrillation


There is a significant correlation between ischemic cardiopathy and atrial fibrillation and the increased risk of death, a greater level of impairment and institutionalization (Rank 2, Category B).


It is possible to use the Charlson co-morbidity index (lack of expert/professional consensus), but the non-homogeneous results in the literature do not allow conclusions to be drawn.



Emotional and cognitive status



Cognitive disorders and functional prognosis


Cognitive disorders without dementia have a negative influence on the functional prognosis in the short- and medium-term. They increase the risk of losing autonomy and the risk of institutionalization (Rank 2, Category B). The influence varies with the affected cognitive domain (attention disorders or global deficiencies) (Rank 2, Category B). No severity threshold is known for the functional prognosis; functional recovery appears slower and of lesser quality, but it remains present.


Hemispatial neglect has a negative influence on the functional prognosis, introducing a delay in postural acquisitions (Rank 1, Category A). The data concerning the influence of persistent anosognosia, in association with hemispatial neglect, are not homogeneous, but lean in the direction of a negative influence. Rehabilitation seems to be less effective in cases of hemispatial neglect. The question of the interest of rehabilitation, versus no rehabilitation, for patients greatly affected by hemispatial neglect has been asked, but has not yet been answered.


The results concerning the influence of aphasia on the functional prognosis are not homogeneous. It could depend on the type of aphasia. Global aphasia seems to be a factor in a poor response to rehabilitation, with comprehension disorders having a deleterious effect (Category C). Still, the patients who have comprehension disorders also make progress in functional recovery (Category C, Expert consensus).


The current data do not allow conclusions to be drawn about the influence of apraxia on the functional prognosis.


Post-stroke dementia has a detrimental effect on the functional prognosis (Rank 2, Category B). Patients with this condition are more dependent for activities of daily living (ADLs), and the risk of secondary institutionalization is increased.



Depression and functional prognosis


There is a link between poststroke depression and the functional prognosis. However, no one knows if mood disorders are the cause or the consequence of functional disorders. The influence of mood disorders on the patient’s recovery capacities and the benefit of rehabilitation appears to be slight. Most studies have not shown any influence of depression on the gains obtained through rehabilitation or on the effectiveness of rehabilitation. Other studies have suggested a slower recovery that is quantitatively as significant as for those without depression. The potential advantages of antidepressant treatments to improve the poststroke functional prognosis remain to be proved.



Family and social factors that influence the prognosis


Family is an essential factor. Family support is a necessary condition for the patient’s discharge from the hospital and affects the length of the hospital stay.


The factors that make it possible for the patient to return home are couplehood, a young age, a moderate level of impairment and social rank (Rank 1, Category A). A short stay in the hospital is conditioned by family support and being of the masculine gender (Rank 1, Category A). A low socioeconomic status is not only a factor of stroke risk but also of post-stroke mortality (Rank 1, Category A). Patients with a low socioeconomic status are more often institutionalized and require more assistance with personal ADLs. There is also an increased risk of dependency and death. The wide-ranging effective organized support of the family thus improves the patient’s functional status.


The patient’s residual impairment is not without consequences on friends and family members (Rank 3, Category C, Expert consensus). More serious anxiodepressive disorders in caregivers are found after 3 months than after a year; they evolve in parallel to the patient’s state. The following factors play a role in the consequences for the caregiver: the patient’s cognitive and behavioral disorders, physical deficits and level of dependency; the caregiver’s relationship with the patient; and, to a lesser degree, the caregiver’s own physical and mental health. In terms of Quality of Life of caregivers, an increasing perception of his/her limitations and an increasing psychological morbidity can be observed, which in turn has a detrimental effect on his/her health and social life. These Quality of Life issues appear to stabilize 3 months and 1 year after the stroke.



Care management criteria and choices


The Anglo-saxon Stroke Unit most often links acute care with interdisciplinary rehabilitation, thus improving the vital and functional prognosis of stroke patients, including those with severe strokes. However, the organization of the French health care system, in which acute care facilities and follow-up care are separate, makes necessary to formalize the patient care management plan as early as possible in order to guarantee a certain system flexibility and offer the patient that best quality of care. Given the technical level of certain kinds of care, the closest facilities are not always the best for dispensing the most appropriate care.


If the maximum gain in autonomy and the return to living conditions that most closely resemble those of the patient’s before the stroke is the ultimate objective, several possibilities are offered by our health system:




  • the return to the patient’s home;



  • the institutionalization in a facility for dependent elderly people;



  • the transfer to a follow-up care facility specialized in neurological rehabilitation, with a technical platform for rehabilitation appropriate for neurological deficiencies. This type of facility offers rehabilitation specialized in brain injuries, with a particular specialty in complex care, specific means and a connection to Neurovascular Care Unit (Section 1.8.1 );



  • the transfer to a follow-up care facility that is not specialized in rehabilitation or one that is specialized in disorders of dependent polypathological elderly patients or at risk of dependency;



  • transfer to and care in the hospitalisation à domicile (HAD) program or the equivalent .



Depending on the patient’s repeated clinical evaluation in the first days after the stroke, on complementary explorations, on the availability of family and friends and on the home environment, the facility must be chosen based on the patient’s needs and the available local resources. For the health care system to perform well, stroke management plans must respect two requirements:




  • Individual requirement: the best possible match between the patient’s needs and possibilities and the follow-up services, without missing any patient opportunity for an optimal return to normalcy;



  • Organizational requirement: early intervention and the optimal transfer time in order to insure system flexibility and make it possible for the greatest number of patients to benefit from care in a specialized facility, particularly during the acute phase of the stroke.




Severe strokes (haematoma or massive infarction with or without craniotomy, brain stem stroke and LIS, complex vascular malformation)


The severity of the motor, cognitive and visceral impairments, and their vulnerability, give severe stroke patients a particular profile. Although there is no single definition for a severe stroke, strokes can be considered “severe” if the patient has a NIHSS score over 16 (Rank 2, Category B).


Severe stroke care in rehabilitation facilities specialized in brain injuries is valuable, notably for reducing mortality and encouraging the patient’s return home (Rank 1, Category A). Such facilities, coordinated by a PRM doctor, make available to these patients:




  • a nursing team trained in preventing the complications of immobility, performing tracheotomy care, managing enteral feeding via nasogastric tube and gastrojejunostomy, detecting neurological complications (e.g., comitial crisis) or other complications to be feared with this type of patient;



  • a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team educated and trained to care for brain injuries in terms of their motor, sensitivity (i.e., pain), sensory, cognitive and visceral components.



Given the risk of decompensation or aggravation of the symptoms, access to Intensive Care, imaging and neurophysiology services is indispensable (Expert consensus). When services are not part of the Neurovascular Care Unit (NVCU), this kind of organization can be envisioned if the NVCU operates in close association with a referenced rehabilitation facilities specialized in brain injuries, which can be structured as intermediary or postIntensive Care facility (Expert consensus).


When the patient is admitted to Intensive Care, the management of his/her care beyond the 10th day after the stroke depends on the patient’s clinical situation. The discharge from Intensive Care can only be considered once the physiological status has stabilized and the patient no longer needs any specialized monitoring.


Schematically, three clinical situations can be envisioned, each one with specific aspects:




  • the patient is conscious and off artificial ventilation with or without a tracheotomy (reduced needs for oxygen input, but the necessity of tracheal aspirations 4 to 6 times a day at most). The transfer to an intermediary or post-Intensive Care facility would appear to be the most appropriate solution. In this facility, there must be constant access to an Intensive Care specialist who can intervene rapidly and, if necessary, transfer the patient to an Intensive Care service (Rank 4, Category C; Professional consensus);



  • the patient is in a vegetative state or a minimally conscious state, and off artificial ventilation. Care for such patients and their prognosis goes beyond the framework of stroke patients, and should be approached globally in the context of the prognosis and management of patients in a persistent vegetative state or in minimally conscious state;



  • the patient is in a persistent coma and is still on artificial ventilation. In these situations, the decision to limit and stop therapeutic care must be discussed, according to the recommendations of the Société de Réanimation de Langue Française (The French Intensive Care Society) and the legislative framework (Law No. 2005-370 of 22 April 2005, called the Léonetti Law, pertaining to patient rights and end-of-life decisions). The decision must be made collectively, with the necessary information clearly conveyed to the patient’s family.



Two situations with severe impairment that justify care in a rehabilitation facility specialized in brain injuries must be considered:




  • patients under 60 years of age, who have had a massive stroke of the middle cerebral artery, whose decompressive hemicraniotomy was done early on and who has improved vital and functional prognoses. Patient age under 60 and early intervention are the factors in favor of a better functional prognosis. It is important to take these factors into account in the second patient care management plan (Rank 4, Category C; Professional consensus);



  • stroke patients with basilar trunk occlusion have a particularly inauspicious prognosis, with a survival rate of less than 30% and most often at the price of a very high level of impairment, such as the “Locked-In Syndrome” (LIS). Intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolysis is recommended for some patients after basilar trunk occlusion (Rank 2, Category B). Early reperfusion of the basilar trunk will improve the vital and functional prognoses of such patients (Rank 2, Category B). It is important to take these recommendations into account in the second patient care management plan (Rank 4, Category C; Professional consensus). These patients would benefit from the care given in a specialized neurological rehabilitation facility.




The patients who should be oriented towards a follow-up rehabilitation care facility specialized in neurological disorders


After a stroke, patients will have a better functional recovery if they are treated in a unit with a technical rehabilitation platform specialized in neurological disorders. At least two sessions should be possible per day, with assistance apparatus in accordance with the requirements of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and neuropsychology. All the sub-groups of stroke patients benefit to a more or less important degree from a multidisciplinary coordinated approach (Rank 1, Category A), although patients with hemiplegia of intermediate severity benefit most from such care.


The value of the initial NIHSS score has been highlighted. However, for cases of severe strokes or strokes of intermediate severity, this score is less precise for predicting the potential level of recovery. Still, if follow-up care facilities specialized in neurological rehabilitation are sufficiently close to the patient’s home, they have the best potential for helping the patient to acquire autonomy and for resolving patient impairments.


In the principal recommendations, the factors influencing the orientation are composite criteria: some are robust and reproducible (e.g., clinical stabilization, hemispatial neglect, pain, swallowing disorders, learning ability and endurance); others are less reproducible (e.g., cognitive function and emotional state, communication disorders, stroke patient mobility and autonomy, continence, impairment in several sectors, need for 24/24 medical monitoring and family environment).


Globally, given French health care organization and the available tools, it is possible to propose care in a follow-up facility specialized in neurological rehabilitation (Expert consensus) for:




  • patients with hemiplegia of intermediate seriousness (NIHSS between 5 and 15 and/or Barthel Index ≥ 20) who begin to improve in the first 7 day;



  • younger patients with more serious hemiplegia if there are no rehabilitation facilities specialized in brain injuries nearby;



  • patients who are able to participate at least 3 hours per day in an exercise program, if not at the beginning, shortly after their arrival in a coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation program.




The patients who should be oriented towards a follow-up care facility that is not specialized in rehabilitation or one that is specialized in disorders of polypathological elderly patients, who are dependent or at risk of dependency


If cognitive disorders, fragility, denutrition and multiple co-morbidities coexist, it is preferable to orient older patients towards a facility specialized in the disorders of polypathological elderly patients who are dependent or at risk of dependency.


The objective of such facilities is to stabilize the patient’s clinical status and insure his/her return home. However, they do not have access to a multidisciplinary team that can supply rehabilitation sessions twice a day. The functional objective is thus less demanding and/or the capacity in terms of patient autonomy gain is less.


Such facilities provide care for (Expert consensus):




  • patients with severe hemiplegia without any signs of recovery in the first 7 days, who have multiple indicators of a poor prognosis (Barthel Index < 20, persistent incontinence and multiple complex impairments;



  • patients who do not need a coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation program or will not, in the immediate future, be able to take part in an exercise program at least 3 hours per day.



These patients must have access to the rehabilitation sessions dictated by their status and to a PRM expert who visits regularly to re-assess their needs as required.



The patients who should be oriented towards a return home


Except for the case of minor strokes that evolve spontaneously towards recovery, the decision for an early return home for patients with deficits must be based on three criteria:




  • need: a persistent incapacity that is nonetheless compatible with life at home;



  • feasibility: patient residence in the same geographic zone as the hospital;



  • safety: the stability of the medical situation.



This kind of return is more frequent in northern Europe than in France and is (Rank 2, Category B) significantly correlated with a better medium-term recovery in terms of preventing death or increasing autonomy and satisfaction but has no influence on the level of subjective health and mood. The positive impact of an early discharge is more significant in moderately dependent patients (initial Barthel Index > 45) (Rank 2, Category B).


This discharge mode is also more financially advantageous, resulting in cost reductions ranging from 4% to 30% (mean: 20%) by reducing the hospital stay to an average of 8 days (confidence interval at 5%: 5–11 days), without significantly increasing the risk of re-hospitalization.


Two elements are essential for the success of such early returns home:




  • a home visit carried out before the patient discharge (Rank 2, Category B);



  • a multidisciplinary team (physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist, doctor, nurse and social worker) who, at the end of the patient’s hospital stay, takes responsibility for appropriate patient care immediately following the patient’s discharge, for a period of approximately three months and a minimum frequency of four sessions per week.



This discharge mode is not very widespread in France, but should be encouraged. The goal is to propose to patients a rapid discharge from the hospital, accompanied by exercise programs at home. The Early Supported Discharge (ESD) model developed in Anglo-Saxon countries doesn’t correspond exactly to the French Home Medical Care, but the correspondence is worth exploring.


ESD implies the intervention of a multidisciplinary team usually made up of doctors (PRM or not) with knowledge about stroke issues, nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, social workers and a secretary. This team performs two types of interventions that begin the moment that the patient is discharged from the hospital and extend to his/her return home: either it coordinates the hospital discharge, the care after discharge, and the reeducation at home, or it organizes the immediate discharge, but leaves the follow-up care to a preexisting community agency.


The ESD model helps to significantly reduce the length of the hospital stay, but it has no effect on rehospitalization. This model helps to increase the patient’s autonomy and to reduce recourse to institutionalization; it increases the patient’s QoL but has no apparent effect on the patient’s mood or on the caregivers. The benefit of the ESD model seems to be more for the patient with a moderate degree of impairment (initial BI: > 45/100), whatever the age. The economic advantages of this model are a subject of discussion.


There are no arguments in favor of a model with a multidisciplinary team that acts essentially in the hospital compared to the same kind of team that also acts outside of the hospital. In the absence of a multidisciplinary intervention, the early long-term intervention (at least five months) of an occupational therapist in the patient’s home can reduce the patient’s level of impairment after an early return home (less than one month after the stroke) (Rank 2, Category B).



The patients who should be directed towards a facility for dependent elderly people


To the extent that the patient is able to express his/her wishes, the patient must agree to this type of discharge plan. The orientation criteria for discharge to a facility for dependent elderly people are:




  • advanced age, especially those over 80 (Rank 3, Category C), but it is not the main criterion;



  • social isolation, which highlights the importance of marital status and social support (Rank 4, Category C; Expert consensus);



  • stroke severity, as indicated by the level of neurological impairment (based on the NIHSS score and the initial BI), particularly after cerebral hemorrhage, and preexisting or stroke-acquired cognitive disorders (e.g., dementia, depression) (Rank 3, Category C); and



  • persistent swallowing disorders and/or incontinence (Rank 3, Category C).



The extent of the care needed can justify placing the patient in a long-term care facility (USLD).


The patient can be placed in a facility for dependent elderly people (EHPAD) following a stay in NVCU or medical service or following a stay in a follow-up facility that is specialized in caring for the elderly. EHPAD transfers can encounter difficulties in finding a place in a timely manner.



Maintaining the patient at home


The objective is to allow the person handicapped by a stroke to be maintained in his/her home after the stroke. The interventions needed to accomplish the objective begin by identifying the needs of both the patient and the caregivers. These needs will be assessed through questioning the patient and the caregivers, and the resulting care administered will be dictated by the possibilities for organizing care (i.e., monitoring by a general practitioner and the intervention of nursing staff, a physiotherapist and a speech therapist) as well as human (e.g., living aid, housekeeping aid) and material aid (e.g. electrical wheelchair, handicap stair lift).


The goal is to maintain, even increase, the patient’s level of autonomy and improve the patient’s QoL and that of his/her caregivers, while insuring an optimal level of safety in the home. This can be accomplished through educating both the patient and caregivers and through home interventions. Failure to maintain the patient at home can be caused by the worsening of the patient’s condition (e.g., intercurrent disorders, loss of autonomy) or unpredictable factors (e.g., death of the patient’s spouse), but also by the exhaustion of the patient’s caregivers.


When patient autonomy backslides or the patient loses interest, the intervention of a multidisciplinary team in the home of the stroke patient can help to reduce the rate of deterioration of daily activities and to increase the patient’s capacity to do personal activities (Rank 3, Category C; Expert consensus). A lesser QoL is connected to being of the feminine gender, pain in the affected limbs, nutrition via a feeding tube or a ground diet, lack of physical exercise and the need for assistance.


The health care providers and caregivers need information about transfer techniques, adapting and using technical aids, fall prevention and the development of safety strategies for the home, improving communication difficulties, and adapting to the patient’s visual disturbances and emotional changes (Rank 3, Category C).


Home counseling activities intended for family, friends and caregiver should include:




  • information about strokes and their consequences, as well as the adaptation to persistent impairment;



  • training in activities suitable for the patient’s desires and needs and his/her familiar environment.



Repeated visits in the three months that follow the patient’s discharge help to reduce the caregivers’ load. The impact of these visits can be compared to the impact of out-patient care in physical and rehabilitation medicine, three times a week over the same period, and is significantly less expensive (Rank 4, Category C). This out-patient care can nonetheless offer much needed relief to caregivers (Professional consensus). Targeted global interventions improve the mental health of the caregivers, though it is difficult to know exactly what type of intervention, what means of intervention (home visit, telephone contact or internet contact) and what intervention frequency will be the most effective (Rank 3, Category C). Interventions by groups of caregivers and not by individual caregivers have been proposed in the literature.


In the absence of a structured multidisciplinary team, occupational therapy can have a positive effect on personal and instrumental daily activities and social participation (Rank 1, Category A). Physiotherapy in the home alone doesn’t seem to have a significant effect on patient functional capacities (Rank 3).



Conclusion


The patient management plan after the acute phase of a stroke must be determined early in order to guarantee continuing care in conditions that will encourage functional recovery while contributing to the flexibility of the health care system. This plan is based on three factors:




  • patient assessment: this means analyzing the early clinical criteria and their evolution, as well as the results of the MRI and the MEP, which allows the patient’s typology to be defined;



  • facility typology: this means knowing about the competencies and the performance of the various facilities available and orienting the patient towards the nearest most appropriate facility, without allowing any opportunity for the patient to be missed;



  • survey of the patient’s situation: this means that the medical team must survey the patient’s family and friends to discover the patient’s home environment and evaluate the capacity and desire of family and friends to provide care and the feasibility of the patient returning home.



It is a patient management process in which the PRM doctor, the medical team and the social worker(s) play a decisive role, starting in the initial phase of care.


Gray literature cited




  • 1.

    Administrative memo DHOS/DGS/DGAS No. 517 of 3 November 2003.


  • 2.

    Administrative memo DHOS/DGS/DGAS No. 108 of 22 March 2007.


  • 3.

    Report on early stroke intervention by Jean Bardet, Member of Parliament. Parliamentary Office for the Evaluation of Health Care Policies. 28 September 2007.


  • 4.

    International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2000: 220p.


  • 5.

    Critères de prise en charge en MPR ” (PRM care criteria) (2001 edition, chap 13, 2nd section; 2008 edition, chap 12, 2nd section). Available at www.sofmer.com .


  • 6.

    Decree No. 2008-377 of 17 April 2008 pertaining to the technical operating conditions appropriate for the activities of follow-up care and rehabilitation.


  • 7.

    Administrative memo No. DHOS/O1/2008/305 of 03 October 2008 pertaining to the decree No. 2008-377 of 17 April 2008.


  • 8.

    Law No. 2005-370 of 22 April 2005, called the Léonetti Law, pertaining to patient rights and end-of-life decisions.


  • 9.

    Retour au domicile des patients adultes atteints d’accident vasculaire cérébral (Adult Stroke Patients and the Return Home). Strategy and organization. Professional Recommendations. French National Health Authority (HAS), December 2003.



Scales and indexes cited


NIHSS


www.protocoles-urgences.fr/page5/files/scorenih.pdf


Barthel index


www.afrek.com/fiches/rub1/bilanbarcomplet.pdf


Charlson co-morbidity Index


www.rdplf.org/calculateurs/pages/charlson/charlson.html

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Apr 23, 2017 | Posted by in PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION | Comments Off on The management of stroke patients. Conference of experts with a public hearing. Mulhouse (France), 22 October 2008

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