ICF component | d activities and participation |
Chapter | d8 Major life areas |
Second-level category | d850 Remunerative employment |
Third-level category | d8500 Self-employment |
d8501 Part-time employment | |
d8502 Full-time employment |
The ICF has 1,424 ICF categories, which make the utility of those categories not feasible. Hence, a brief and a comprehensive ICF Core Set (of domains) has been specifically developed for VR [12]. An ICF Core Set is a short list of ICF categories. The comprehensive version is lengthy, contains 90 categories (for a full list, see http://www.icf-research-branch.org). and is intended for multidisciplinary assessment, while the Brief ICF Core Set for VR consisting of 13 ICF categories (Table 20.1) serves as a minimum data set (i.e. list of functioning domains) that are to be reported in clinical studies or single-discipline clinical encounter within the context of VR to describe the impact of the disease on functioning [13]. The brief version can serve as a uniform data set because it identifies the essential issues experienced by patients in VR, which should be assessed, measured and evaluated.
Table 20.1
Title and description of ICF categories in the brief Core Set for Vocational Rehabilitation (total = 13 categories) [12]
ICF code | Title | Definition |
|---|---|---|
d155 | Acquiring skills | Developing basic and complex competencies in integrated sets of actions or tasks so as to initiate and follow through with the acquisition of a skill, such as manipulating tools or playing games like chess |
d240 | Handling stress and other psychological demands | Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions to manage and control the psychological demands required to carry out tasks demanding significant responsibilities and involving stress, distraction or crises, such as driving a vehicle during heavy traffic or taking care of many children |
d720 | Complex interpersonal interactions | Maintaining and managing interactions with other people, in a contextually and socially appropriate manner, such as by regulating emotions and impulses, controlling verbal and physical aggression, acting independently in social interactions and acting in accordance with social rules and conventions |
d845 | Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job | Seeking, finding and choosing employment; being hired and accepting employment; maintaining and advancing through a job, trade, occupation or profession; and leaving a job in an appropriate manner |
d850 | Remunerative employment | Engaging in all aspects of work, as an occupation, trade, profession or other form of employment, for payment, as an employee, full or part time or self-employed, such as seeking employment and getting a job, doing the required tasks of the job, attending work on time as required, supervising other workers or being supervised and performing required tasks alone or in groups |
d855 | Non-remunerative employment | Engaging in all aspects of work in which pay is not provided, full time or part time, including organised work activities, doing the required tasks of the job, attending work on time as required, supervising other workers or being supervised and performing required tasks alone or in groups, such as volunteer work, charity work, working for a community or religious group without remuneration and working around the home without remuneration |
e310 | Immediate family | Individuals related by birth, marriage or other relationship recognised by the culture as immediate family, such as spouses, partners, parents, siblings, children, foster parents, adoptive parents and grandparents |
e330 | People in positions of authority | Individuals who have decision-making responsibilities for others and who have socially defined influence or power based on their social, economic, cultural or religious roles in society, such as teachers, employers, supervisors, religious leaders, substitute decision-makers, guardians or trustees |
e580 | Health services, systems and policies | Services, systems and policies for preventing and treating health problems, providing medical rehabilitation and promoting a healthy lifestyle |
e590 | Labour and employment services, systems and policies | Services, systems and policies related to finding suitable work for persons who are unemployed or looking for different work or to support individuals already employed who are seeking promotion |
b130 | Energy and drive functions | General mental functions of physiological and psychological mechanisms that cause the individual to move towards satisfying specific needs and general goals in a persistent manner |
b164 | Higher-level cognitive functions | Specific mental functions especially dependent on the frontal lobes of the brain, including complex goal-directed behaviours such as decision-making, abstract thinking, planning and carrying out plans, mental flexibility and deciding which behaviours are appropriate under what circumstances; often called executive functions |
b455 | Exercise tolerance functions | Functions related to respiratory and cardiovascular capacity as required for enduring physical exertion |
The ICF Core Set essentially provides “what” to measure. “How” to measure an ICF category is possible by using a standard questionnaire, for example.
Hence, as part of the process in developing the ICF Core Set for VR, a systematic review was performed with linking of outcomes (including questionnaires) to the ICF [14]. The process basically involved linking of constructs found in the questionnaire items to the best fitting ICF category. This chapter will focus on patient-reported questionnaires (PRQ). Such questionnaires are commonly used in various fields of medicine and in VR [14] and are especially helpful when measuring constructs or latent variables. By providing a list of questionnaires that can assess the domains in the ICF Core Set, VR practitioners can now integrate the use of the ICF Core Set in their daily clinical practice by using those questionnaires.
The objective of this chapter is to present the PRQs that were linked to the 13 ICF categories of the brief version of the ICF Core Set for Vocational Rehabilitation. This chapter can guide clinicians and researchers in choosing which PRQ measure to use to operationalise the ICF in VR.
20.2 Methods
20.2.1 Overview of Original Study
The current study is based on a previous systematic literature review (original study), which linked concepts found in measures and questionnaires to the specific ICF categories [14]. That review utilised the following search terms and keywords, “Vocational rehabilitation”, “Return to work”, “Occupational rehab*”, “Work rehab*”, “Work reintegration”, “Job rehab*”, “Job reentry”, “Employ* rehab*” and “Employ* reentry”, in multiple databases: CINAHL, PsycINFO, Medline, Global Health, Vocation and Career Collection.
20.2.2 Database of Questionnaire Items
A database was created in an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation 2007, Redmond WA), showing the items of each questionnaire, which have been linked to the ICF categories in the VR Brief ICF Core Set. Definition for each ICF category is provided in Table 20.1. Only standard patient-reported questionnaires with items linked to the VR Brief Core Set were surveyed.
20.2.3 Survey of Questionnaires
An inventory of PRQs corresponding to each ICF category included in the ICF Core Set for VR was developed.
20.3 Results
20.3.1 Item Database
Based on the systematic review, 229 articles were selected. From these, 650 measures were identified (154 were questionnaires and clinical tests) [14]. Of those measures, there were 68 PRQs.
A database was created showing the items of all the questionnaires that addressed the ICF categories of the Brief ICF Core Set for VR. The database shows a wide range of questionnaires covering domains on mental health to physical health. Table 20.2 shows the acronyms and the corresponding full name of each PRQ. Table 20.3 contains a list of PRQs where concepts of a particular ICF category were found.
Table 20.2
Acronyms and names of PRQs. Some PRQs are copyrighted and require permission before they can be used. Make sure to check with individual developers
Acronym | Name of questionnaire |
|---|---|
4DSQ | Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire [15] |
ADS | Activities Discomfort Scale [16] |
ASI | Addiction Severity Index [17] |
BDI | Beck Depression Inventory [18] |
BIPQ | Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire [19] |
BORRTI | Bell Objects Relations and Reality Testing Inventory [20] |
BQ | Baecke Questionnaire (with work, sport and leisure time index) [21] |
CAN-E | Camberwell Assessment of Needs-European short version [22] |
CES-D | 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale [23] |
COPM | Canadian Occupational Performance Measure [24] |
CSQ-8 | Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 [25] |
CWPP | Work Personality Profile [26] |
DASS | Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale [27] |
DMQ | Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [28] |
EQ- 5D | Euro QOL [29] |
ES | Empowerment Scale [30] |
FQOLS | Flanagan Quality of Life Scale [31] |
GAS | Goal Attainment Scale [32] |
GRWA | Graded Reduced Work Ability Scale [33] |
GSES | General Self-Efficacy Scale [34] |
HADS | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [35] |
HAQ-II | Revised Helping Alliance Questionnaire [36] |
HAT-QOL | Holmes Quality of Life [37] |
HDRS | Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [38] |
HS | Hope Scale [39] |
HSCL | Hopkins Symptoms Check List [40] |
ISEL | Interpersonal Support Evaluation List [41] |
JCQ | Job Content Questionnaire [42] |
JSQ | Cooper Job Stress Questionnaire [43] |
LBOS | Low Back Outcome Score [44] |
LOT-R | Life Orientation Test-Revised [45] |
LSI | Life Skills Inventory [46] |
MHLC | Multidimensional Health Locus of Control questionnaire (Form A) [47] |
MWHLCs | Modified Wallston’s Health Locus of Control [48] |
MSQ | Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire [49] |
MZDI | Modified Zung Depression Index [50] |
ODQ | Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire [51] |
OMPQ | Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire [52] |
OSQOL | Quality of Life Scale [53] |
PANSS | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [54] |
PAR-Q | Physical Activity Readiness questionnaire- revised 2002 [55] |
PCS | Pain Catastrophizing Scale [56] |
PDI | Pain Disability Index [57] |
PDQ | Pain Disability Questionnaire [58] |
PSEQ | Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire [59] |
QD | Quick-DASH [60] |
QOLQ | Quality of Life Questionnaire [61] |
RDQ | Roland-Morris Disability 24 Questionnaire [62] |
ROMI | Rating of Medication Influences Scale [63] |
RPQ | Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire [64] |
SAS-SR | Social Adjustment Scale – Self Report version [65] |
SCISCE | Stages of Change Interview for Seeking Competitive Employment [66] |
SERS | Self-Esteem Rating Scale [67] |
SF-36 | Short Form 36-item health survey [68] |
SF-12 | Short Form 12-item health survey [69] |
SHC | Subjective Health Complaint Inventory [70] |
SOC | Sense of Coherence Scale -29 [71] |
STAXI | State-Trait Anger Inventory [72] |
URICA | University of Rhode Island Change Assessment scale [73] |
VBBA | Need for Recovery Scale (in Dutch) [74] |
WAI | Work Ability Index [75] |
WAIV | Work Alliance Inventory [76] |
WAPGAR | Work APGAR – modified [77] |
WCQ | Ways of Coping Questionnaire [78] |
WEJS | Work Experience and Judgment Scale [79] |
WHO-DAS | WHO-DAS [80] |
WHO-QOL | WHO Quality of Life Measure- BREF [81] |
WLQ-16 | 16-item version of the Work Limitations Questionnaire [82] |
Table 20.3
Identified PRQs for each ICF category of the brief ICF Core Set for Vocational Rehabilitation
ICF category code | PRQs containing the concept of the ICF category on the first column | |
|---|---|---|
d155 | COPM | QOLS |
CWPP | SERS | |
DMQ | WEJS | |
d240 | DMQ | STAXI |
ISEL | WEJS | |
JSQ | WCQ | |
OMPQ | ||
d720 | BORRTI | PANSS |
CWPP | SERS | |
LSI | STAXI | |
d845 | COPM | MHLOC |
DMQ | OMPQ | |
HAT-QOL | SAS-SR | |
ISEL | SCISCE | |
LSI | WAI | |
MSQ | ||
d850 | ADS | WEJS |
ASI | CWPP | |
BDI | OMPQ | |
BQ
Related posts: State of Vocational Rehabilitation and Disability Evaluation in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions
 Work Disability Evaluation
Serious Mental Illness, Vocational Rehabilitation, and Employment
 Applying the ICF in Disability Evaluation: A Report Based on Clinical Experience
Challenges and Opportunities
 Applying the Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire WORQ: A Case Illustrating Its Use in Evaluating Functioning of a Person After a Traumatic Brain Injury in an Interprofessional Vocational Rehabilitation Setting
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