Sprain

Description

A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament, and sprains occur most commonly around the ankles, knees, or fingers, although any joint ligament can be sprained. Ligaments work like a rope between bones of a joint to prevent excessive motion between the bones. Sprained joints can function, but not without pain. There are three grades, or degrees, of sprains: A first-degree sprain is microscopic tearing of the ligament; the ligament is not lengthened but is painful. A second-degree sprain is a partial tear of the ligament; the ligament is stretched but still functions. A third-degree sprain is a complete tear of the ligament; the ligament is torn and does not function.

Common signs and symptoms

• Pain and tenderness in the area of injury; severity varies with extent of injury

• Swelling of the affected joint (usually)

• Redness or bruising in the area of injury, either immediately or several hours after the injury

• Loss of normal mobility of the injured joint

Causes

Sprains usually occur as a result of trauma or injury, such as from a fall or with a twisting injury. The ankle is most often injured because of its mechanical weakness, its exposed position, and the stress it sustains in athletic and recreational activities.

Factors that increase risk

• Trauma, especially with high-risk activities; this includes sports that require jumping, for knee and ankle sprains (basketball, volleyball); sports that require pivoting motions, for knee sprains (skiing, soccer, football); and contact sports

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