Nonuniform Muscle Hypertrophy Along the Length Induced by Resistance Training

Authors (year)

Subjects (mean age)

Exercise modality

Reps × sets (or time) intensity

Duration frequency

Results

Narici et al. (1989)

4 M (28)

KE (ISOK)

10 × 6

60 days

[CSA]

maximal

4 days/week

20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 %SL: ↑, 80 %SL: n.s.

Schott et al. (1995)

1 M, 6 W (23)

KE (ISOM)

a. 3 s × 10 × 4 70 %MVC

14 weeks

[CSA]

b. 30 s × 4 × 1 70 %MVC

3 days/week

a. 25, 75 %SL: n.s.

b. 25, 75 %SL: ↑

Smith and Rutherford (1995)

5 M (21)

a. KE (CON)

10 × 4

20 weeks

[CSA]

5 W (20)

b. KE (ECC)

10RM

3 days/week

a. 25 %SL: ↑, 75 %SL: n.s.

b. 25 %SL: ↑, 75 %SL: n.s.

Higbie et al. (1996)

a. 16 W (20)

a. KE (CON, ISOK)

10 × 3

10 weeks

[CSA]

b. 19 W (20)

b. KE (ECC, ISOK)

maximal

3 days/week

a. 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 %SL: ↑

b. 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 %SL: ↑

Hisaeda et al. (1996)

a. 5 W (20)

KE (CON/ECC)

a. 15 × 5–6 15–20RM

8 weeks

[CSA]

b. 6 W(20)

b. 5 × 8–9 4–5RM

3 days/week

a. 30 %SL: ↑, 50, 70 %SL: n.s.

b. 70 %SL: ↑, 30, 50 %SL: n.s.

Narici et al. (1996)

7 M (29)

KE (CON/ECC)

8 × 6

6 months

[CSA]

80 %1RM

3.5 days/week

30, 40, 50, 60, 70 %SL: ↑

[Relative increase in CSA]

30 %SL > 60 %SL

70 %SL > 40 %SL > 50, 60 %SL

Seger et al. (1998)

a. 5 M (24)

a. KE (CON, ISOK)

10 × 4

10 weeks

[CSA]

b. 5 M (25)

b. KE (ECC, ISOK)

maximal

3 days/week

a. 50 %SL, Distal^a: n.s.

b. Distal: ↑, 50 %SL: n.s.

Häkkinen et al. (2001)

10 W (64)

KE (CON/ECC)

5–20 × 3–6

21 weeks

[CSA]

LP (CON/ECC)

40–80 %1RM

2 days/week

20, 27, 33, 40, 47, 53, 60, 67, 73 %SL: ↑, 80 %SL: n.s.

Häkkinen et al. (2002)

a. 11 W with FM (39)

KE (CON/ECC)

5–20 × 3–6

21 weeks

[CSA]

b. 10 healthy W (37)

LP (CON/ECC)

40–80 %1RM

2 days/week

a. 20, 27, 33, 40, 47, 53, 60, 67 %SL: ↑, 73, 80 %SL: n.s.

b. 20, 27, 33, 40, 47, 53, 60, 67, 73, 80 %SL: ↑

Häkkinen et al. (2003)

a. 16 M (38)

a. KE (CON/ECC) LP (CON/ECC)

a. 3–15 × 3–6 50–80 %1RM

21 weeks

[CSA]

b. 11 M (37)

b. KE (CON/ECC)

LP (CON/ECC)

Walking

Cycling

b. [RT] 3–15 × 3–6 50–80 %1RM [ET] 30–90 min

a. 2 days/week

a. 20, 27, 33, 40, 47, 53, 60, 67 %SL: ↑, 73 %SL: n.s.

b. 4 days/week (2 for RT and 2 for ET)

b. 20, 27, 33, 40, 47, 53, 60, 67, 73 %SL: ↑

Ahtiainen et al. (2003)

8 M (34)

KE (CON/ECC)

3–15 × 3–6

21 weeks

[CSA]

LP (CON/ECC)

50–80 %1RM

2 days/week

40, 47, 53, 60, 67 %SL: ↑, 20, 27, 33 %SL: n.s.

Blazevich et al. (2007)

12 M (24),

a. KE (CON, ISOK)

6 × 4–6

10 weeks

[Relative increase in CSA]

12 W (21)

b. KE (ECC, ISOK)

maximal

3 days/week

25 %SL vs. 75 %SL: n.s.

Seynnes et al. (2007)

5 M, 2 W (20)

KE (CON/ECC)

7 × 4

5 weeks

[CSA]

maximal

3 days/week

50, 75 %SL: ↑

Melnyk et al. (2009)

a. 11 M (25)

[CSA]

a. 30, 50, 70 %SL: ↑

b. 10 W (26)

KE (CON/ECC)

5–20 × 5

9 weeks

b. 50, 70 %SL: ↑, 30 %SL: n.s.

c. 11 M (69)

50 %1RM–5RM

3 days/week

c. 30, 50, 70 %SL: ↑

d. 11 W (68)

d. 30, 50, 70 %SL: ↑

Hudelmaier et al. (2010)

a. 16 W

a. KE(CON/ECC), LP(CON/ECC), SQ(CON/ECC)

a. 6–12 × 1–3 60–80 %1RM

12 weeks

[CSA]

b. 19 W (51)

b. Cycling

b. 40 min 55–85 %HRmax

3 days/week

a. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 %SL: ↑, 70, 80, 90 %SL: n.s.

b. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 %SL: ↑, 90 %SL: n.s.

Petersen et al. (2011)

a. 5 M, 7 W (62)

[CSA]

b. 4 M, 7 W (62)

KE(CON/ECC), LP(CON/ECC)

8–15 × 4–5

12 weeks

a. Middle: ↑, Distal: n.s.

c. 5 M, 7 W (63)^b

8–15RM

3 days/week

b. Middle: ↑, Distal: n.s.

c. Middle: ↑, Distal: n.s.^c

M men, W women, FM fibromyalgia, CON Concentric training, ECC Eccentric training, CON/ECC Combination of concentric and eccentric training, ISOM Isometric training, ISOK Isokinetic training, KE Knee extension, LP Leg press, SQ: Squat, RM: Repetition maximum, HRmax Heart rate max, RT Resistance training, ET Endurance training, CSA Cross-sectional area, SL Segment length, ↑ Significant increase, n.s. Not significant

^aDistal region corresponded to 12 cm distally from 50 %SL

^bSubjects were patients of knee osteoarthritis administered either glucosamine (a), ibuprofen (b) or placebo (c)

^cDistal and middle regions corresponded to 10 and 20 cm above the lateral tibial plateau, respectively

In addition to the studies listed in Table 14.1, Kanehisa et al. (2003) investigated the changes in QF CSA in junior weight lifters (seven boys). Eighteen months after the baseline measurement, QF CSA increased significantly at 70 % SL, but not at 30 % or 50 %SL. Similarly, Kanehisa et al. (2006) examined changes in QF CSA at 30 %, 50 %, and 70 %SL in teenage tennis players (six boys and six girls) over a 2-year period. In boys, QF CSA increased significantly in all three regions, whereas in girls, QF CSA increased significantly only at 30 % and 50 %SL. Unfortunately, these studies (Kanehisa et al. 2003, 2006) did not include untrained control groups. Therefore, it is unclear whether the nonuniform changes in QF CSA were due to competitive training, natural growth, or both.

14.2.2 Hypertrophic Changes Along the Length of Each Component of the QF

Table 14.2 shows reported regional hypertrophic changes in each component of QF along the length of the muscle. The pattern of hypertrophy along the length varies greatly in each of the vasti [vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM)]. As with QF CSA, this variation may be partly attributed to disparities in combinations of training intensity and volume, and in subject characteristics. However, even with similar program variables of training in similar subjects, Narici et al. (1989) and Housh et al. (1992) observed different hypertrophic patterns along the length of the vasti. Regarding this discrepancy, Housh et al. (1992) suggested that there might have been a difference in training status between the dominant (Narici et al. 1989) and non-dominant (Housh et al. 1992) thighs at the beginning of the study. As for the rectus femoris (RF), Ema et al. (2013) reported that the relative increase in CSA was significantly greater at 50 %SL than at 30 %SL. This is consistent with other studies (Housh et al. 1992; Narici et al. 1996; Blazevich et al. 2007), which showed a tendency toward a greater relative increase in RF CSA in the distal region, although statistical analysis between regions was not reported.

Table 14.2

Studies on the training-induced regional changes in CSA of each component of the QF

Authors (year)	Subjects (mean age)	Exercise modality	Reps × sets intensity	Duration frequency	Results
Narici et al. (1989)	4 M (28)	KE (ISOK)	10 × 6	60 days	[VI: CSA]
			maximal	4 days/week	30, 40, 60, 70 %SL: ↑, 20, 50, 80 %SL: n.s.
					[VL: CSA]
					40 %SL: ↑, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80 %SL: n.s.
					[VM: CSA]
					20, 30, 50, 60, 80 %SL: ↑, 40, 70 %SL: n.s.
					[RF: CSA]
					20, 40, 50 %SL: ↑, 30, 60, 70 %SL: n.s.
Housh et al. (1992)	13 M (25)	KE (CON, ISOK)	10 × 6	8 weeks	[VI, VL: CSA]
			maximal	3 days/week	50 %SL: ↑, 33, 67 %SL: n.s.
					[VM: CSA]
					33, 50, 67 %SL: n.s.
					[RF: CSA]
					33, 50, 67 %SL: ↑
Narici et al. (1996)	7 M (29)	KE (CON/ECC)	8 × 6	6 months	[VI, VL, VM, RF: CSA]
Narici et al. (1996)	7 M (29)	KE (CON/ECC)	80 %1RM	3.5 days/week	30, 40, 50, 60, 70 %SL: ↑^a
Housh et al. (1998)	9 M (24)	KE (CON)	6 × 3–5	8 weeks	[VI, VL, VM, RF: CSA]
Housh et al. (1998)	9 M (24)	KE (CON)	80 %1RM	3 days/week	33, 50, 67 %SL: ↑^b
Häkkinen et al. (2001)	10 W (64)	KE (CON/ECC)	5–20 × 3–6	21 weeks	[VI: CSA]
Häkkinen et al. (2001)		LP (CON/ECC)	40–80 %1RM	2 days/week	20, 27, 40, 47, 53, 60, 67 %SL: ↑
					33, 73, 80 %SL: n.s.
					[VL: CSA]
					20, 27, 33, 40, 47, 53 %SL: ↑
					60, 67, 73 %SL: n.s.
					[VM: CSA]
					47, 53, 60, 67, 73, 80 %SL: ↑
					20, 27, 33, 40 %SL: n.s.
					[RF: CSA]
					40 %SL: ↑
					20, 27, 33, 47, 53, 60, 67 %SL: n.s.
Reeves et al. (2004)	4 M, 5 W (74)	KE (CON/ECC)	~10 × 2	14 weeks	[VL: CSA]
		LP (CON/ECC)	~60–80 %5RM	3 days/week	12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 cm from PI: ↑
					3, 6, 9, 30 cm from PI: n.s.
Blazevich et al. (2007)	12 M (24),	a. KE (CON, ISOK)	6 × 4–6 Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue Share this: Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window) Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related Related posts: On the Structure of Movement Preparation: Inferences from Motor Schema Theory Task Difficulty Affects the Association Between Childhood Fitness and Cognitive Flexibility Intra- and Inter-person Coordinated Movements of Fingers and Toes Jump Performance Enhancement Induced by Countermovement Optimal Technique, Variability and Control in Gymnastics Energetic Considerations in Cross-Country Skiing Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel Tags: Sports Performance Oct 16, 2016 \| Posted by admin in SPORT MEDICINE \| Comments Off on Nonuniform Muscle Hypertrophy Along the Length Induced by Resistance Training Full access? Get Clinical Tree Get Clinical Tree app for offline access Get Clinical Tree app for offline access