Humerus, proximal
Classification
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The Müller AO Classification 180
Introduction
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12.1 Humerus, proximal—introduction Reto Babst, Christoph Sommer 181
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1 Introduction 181
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1.1 Incidence 181
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1.2 Current methods of treatment 181
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1.3 Indication and contraindications for MIPO 181
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2 Surgical anatomy 181
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3 Preoperative assessment 183
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4 Operative procedure 184
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4.1 Patient and image intensifier positioning 184
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4.2 Landmarks and surgical approach 184
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4.3 Reduction and fixation 185
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5 Pearls 189
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6 Further reading 190
Cases
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12.2 Humerus, proximal: extraarticular multifragmented fracture with extension to the diaphysis (11-A3 and 12-C3) Christoph Sommer 191
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12.3 Humerus proximal: extraarticular fracture—11-A3 Reto Babst 197
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12.4 Humerus, proximal: proximal humeral shaft fracture with extension into the humeral head—12-B2.1 Reto Babst 205
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12.5 Humerus, proximal: intraarticular bilateral fracture (right side: four-part varus displaced fracture 11-C2, left side: four-part valgus displaced fracture 11-C2) Yves P Acklin, Christoph Sommer 211
Classification
Although the Müller AO Classification and other classifications, like the Neer classification, are well accepted for clinical purposes, all lack good inter- and intraobserver reliability. In this chapter the Müller AO Classification has been used for the purpose of clarity regarding the indications for operative fracture treatment.
The Müller AO Classification
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Extraarticular, bifocal closed fracture—42-A1, and articular trimalleolar ankle fracture—44-C2.3 (closed transverse fracture of the medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, and posterior malleolus)
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