Concussion

Description

A concussion is a violent jar or shock to the brain causing an immediate change in brain function, including a possible loss of consciousness. The effects of a concussion are usually temporary, but they may be cumulative; the more often a person sustains concussions, the more long-term effects will result, such as slurred speech, slow movements, slow thought processes, and tremors. Concussions are usually graded based on the length and severity of the change in brain function.

Common signs and symptoms

Symptoms depend on the extent of the injury. The presence or absence of swelling at the injury site is not related to the seriousness of the injury.

Mild concussion:

• Temporary loss of consciousness

• Memory loss (amnesia) of short duration

• Emotional instability

Severe concussion:

• Usually prolonged loss of consciousness

• Pupils of different size

• Changes in vision, including blurring

• Changes in breathing

• Disturbed equilibrium (balance)

• Headaches

Causes

Concussions are caused by an injury or blow to the head. The worst concussions are caused by high-energy impacts, such as with motor vehicle accidents. Although more severe injuries are incurred when helmets are not worn, an individual can receive a concussion even with a helmet.

Factors that increase risk

• Contact sports, especially football, martial arts, or boxing

• Riding bicycles, motorcycles, or horses without a helmet

Preventive measures

• Wear proper protective headgear and ensure correct fit.

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