1. Which one of the following prostheses is best suited in the paediatric population with the added advantage of ambulating on uneven terrain?
A.
Constant friction knee
B.
Fluid-controlled hydraulic knee
D.
Stance phase control knee
E.
Variable-friction knee
2. Which one of the following is typical of an antalgic gait pattern?
A.
Patient leans their trunk laterally over the contralateral side in ipsilateral hip arthritis
B.
Patient’s contralateral step length is increased in ipsilateral ankle arthritis
C.
Patients adopt a hamstring avoidance in ipsilateral knee arthritis
D.
The affected knee is maintained in slight flexion with ipsilateral toe walking
E.
The swing phase of gait on the ipsilateral side is decreased in hip arthritis
3. Which of the following is correct regarding the increase in metabolic demand in lower limb amputations?
A.
The metabolic demand is 100% above normal in transfemoral (TF) amputations related to peripheral vascular disease
B.
The metabolic demand is 50% above baseline in transtibial (TT) amputations
C.
The metabolic demand is 50% above baseline in TF amputations
D.
The metabolic demand is the same in TF and a short below-knee amputation (BKA)
E.
The metabolic demand is the same in vascular BKA versus traumatic BKA
4. A prosthetic foot that is placed too far inset will result in which of the following?
B.
Increased knee extension and varus knee during stance
C.
Increased knee flexion and valgus knee during stance
D.
Socket pain lateral proximally and medial distally
E.
Socket pain medial proximally and lateral distally
5. Which of the following describes the fastest gait pattern?
6. Which one of the following upper limb prostheses is best indicated for heavy labour?
A.
Body-powered prosthesis (terminal device activates with shoulder adduction and flexion)
B.
Body-powered prosthesis (terminal device activates with shoulder abduction and flexion)
C.
Myoelectric device (3-site, 2-function device)
D.
Myoelectric prosthesis (1-site, 2-function device)
E.
Myoelectric prosthesis (2-site, 2-function device)
7. Which of the following statements is true regarding the polycentric knee?
A.
A prosthetic polycentric knee with hydraulic swing control is best chosen for an older patient who requires stability in the stance phase
B.
The piston mechanism in the hydraulic knee allows variable cadence
C.
The polycentric knee has a fixed centre of rotation
D.
When the centre of rotation (COR) is anterior to the line of weight bearing, extension is improved
E.
When the COR is posterior to the line of weight bearing, it allows control in the swing phase
8. A 54-year-old active female with stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction will require which of the following orthotics to re centre her weight bearing axis through the ankle?
B.
Insole with forefoot abduction post
C.
Insole with lateral arch support
D.
Insole with medial hindfoot post
E.
Knee–ankle–foot orthosis to correct her hindfoot valgus
9. Which of the following is true regarding upper limb prosthesis for above elbow amputations?
A.
Elbow movement is controlled by shoulder abduction and external rotation
B.
Elbow movement is controlled by shoulder adduction and external rotation
C.
Elbow movement is controlled by shoulder extension and depression
D.
Elbow movement is controlled by shoulder flexion and abduction
E.
Elbow movement is controlled by shoulder flexion and internal rotation
10. Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events in 3-point gait utilising a walker?
A.
Stronger leg in front => walker follows through = > weaker leg
B.
Walker in front => both legs swing at same time => walker in front
C.
Walker in front => stronger leg follows through => weaker leg
D.
Walker in front => weaker leg follows through => stronger leg
E.
Weaker leg in front => walker follows through => stronger leg
11. A 70-year-old male recently underwent a below-knee amputation and was fitted in a prosthesis several months afterwards. He presented to clinic complaining of swelling of his thigh just above the prosthesis. The skin was indurated, and a diagnosis of choke syndrome was made.
This most likely could have been due to which of the following?
A.
Loose proximal and loose distal socket
B.
Loose proximal and normal-fitting distal socket
C.
Loose proximal and tight distal socket
D.
Tight proximal and loose distal socket
E.
Tight proximal and tight distal socket
12. Which deformity would result in a patient undergoing a Chopart amputation without tendon balancing?
13. A 65-year-old diabetic with severe peripheral arterial disease presents with a spontaneous rupture of his tibialis anterior tendon, causing difficulty in dorsiflexion of his ankle. He has a 3cm gap on ultrasound examination.
Which one of the following would be the best option to manage this?
A.
Darco shoe with hindfoot rocker
B.
Palmaris longus autograft to bridge the gap
C.
Posterior leaf spring ankle–foot orthosis (AFO)
D.
Posterior tibialis tendon transfer onto the talar neck
E.
Solid ankle cushioned heel (SACH) foot
14. A 32-year-old male presents with a cavovarus deformity. Examination reveals a positive Coleman block test.
Which of the following orthotics will be most suitable?
A.
Recessed first ray with lateral hindfoot post
B.
Elevated first ray with lateral hindfoot post
C.
Elevated first ray with medial hindfoot post
D.
Recessed first ray with medial hindfoot post
E.
Recessed second to fourth rays with lateral hindfoot post
15. Which of the following best explains the mechanics in utilising a cane for ipsilateral hip arthritis?
A.
A cane held in the contralateral hand reduces joint reaction forces through the affected hip up to 50% by reducing abductor muscle pull
B.
A cane held in the contralateral hand reduces joint reaction forces through the affected hip up to 25% by reducing abductor muscle pull
C.
The cane improves the abductor muscle pull on the opposite side of the hip arthritis
D.
The cane reduces the abductor muscle pull on the opposite side of the hip arthritis
E.
The cane reduces the joint reaction force when it is held on the same side as the hip arthritis
16. A 34-year-old male undergoes a below-knee amputation for a mangled limb. He wishes to continue running on a regular basis.
Which of the following terminal devices would be best suited?
A.
Articulated dynamic response foot with lengthened keel
B.
Articulated dynamic response foot with sagittal split keel
C.
Articulated dynamic response foot with shortened keel
E.
Solid ankle cushioned heel (SACH) foot
17. Which one of the following amputations involves preservation of the calcaneus, which is then fused to the distal tibia?
18. A 68-year-old male underwent a total knee arthroplasty utilising a posterior stabilised (PS) design prosthesis. Four months afterwards, he felt his knee ‘dislocate’ and went to the ED. Radiographs revealed a cam jump.
Which of the following surgical errors could have led to this?
19. Which one of the following issues may arise in a patient with a below-knee amputation in which the heel of the foot prosthesis is too rigid?
