Basics on Knee (dys)Function

Joint

Plane

Movement

Range of motion

Hip (ball-and-socket synovial joint)

Sagittal

Flexion

Extension

Hyperextension

120

Frontal

Adduction

Abduction

Transverse

Internal rotation

External rotation

Table 7.2

Type, degrees of freedom, movement patterns, and range of motion of the knee joint

Joint	Plane	Movement	Range of motion
Knee (synovial hinge joint)	Sagittal	Flexion Extension Hyperextension	135 135 0
	Frontal	None	None
	Transverse	Rotation (full extension) Rotation (70° flexion)	0 45

Table 7.3

Type, degrees of freedom, movement patterns, and range of motion of the ankle joint

Joint	Plane	Movement	Range of motion
Ankle (synovial hinge joint)	Sagittal	Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion	45 20
Rearfoot and midfoot joints	Multiplanar	Inversion Eversion	35 15

Fig. 7.1

Dynamic valgus at landing

References

Ekstrand J, Hägglund M, Waldén M. Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: the UEFA injury study. Br J Sports Med. 2009;bjsports60582.

Waldén M, Hägglund M, Ekstrand J. Time-trends and circumstances surrounding ankle injuries in men’s professional football: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:748–53.CrossRefPubMed

Andrade R, Vasta S, Sevivas N, Pereira R, Leal A, Papalia R, et al. Notch morphology is a risk factor for ACL injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J ISAKOS. 2016;1:70–81.CrossRef

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