Ischemia of the upper extremity is uncommon but can be seen with open or closed trauma. Those dealing with traumatic injury of the upper extremity should be conversant with techniques of vascular surgery and microsurgery to address these injuries when they occur. Closed injury can occur as well, and at times these are best managed nonoperatively. This article discusses the management of both in the acute setting.
References
- 1. DuBose J.J., Savage S.A., Fabian T.C., et al: The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma PROspective Observational Vascular Injury Treatment (PROOVIT) registry: multicenter data on modern vascular injury diagnosis, management, and outcomes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78: pp. 215-222
- 2. Franz R.W., Skytta C.K., Shah K.J., et al: A five-year review of management of upper-extremity arterial injuries at an urban level I trauma center. Ann Vasc Surg 2012; 26: pp. 655-664
- 3. Pederson W.C.: Replantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 107: pp. 823-841
- 4. Hornez E., Boddaert G., Baudoin Y., et al: Concomitant vascular war trauma saturating a French forward surgical team deployed to support the victims of the Syrian war (2013). Interest of the vascular damage control. Ann Vasc Surg 2015; 29: pp. 1656
- 5. Borut L.T., Acosta C.J., Tadlock L.C., et al: The use of temporary vascular shunts in military extremity wounds: a preliminary outcome analysis with 2-year follow-up. J Trauma 2010; 69: pp. 174-178
- 6. Gifford S.M., Aidinian G., Clouse W.D., et al: Effect of temporary shunting on extremity vascular injury: an outcome analysis from the Global War on Terror vascular injury initiative. J Vasc Surg 2009; 50: pp. 549-555
- 7. Nalbandian M.M., Maldonado T.S., Cushman J., et al: Successful limb reperfusion using prolonged intravascular shunting in a case of an unstable trauma patient–a case report. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2004; 38: pp. 375-379
- 8. Moore W.S.: Vascular and endovascular surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2013.
- 9. Levin L.S., and Cooper E.O.: Clinical use of anticoagulants following replantation surgery. J Hand Surg Am 2008; 33: pp. 1437-1439
- 10. Sergi G., Perissinotto E., Zucchetto M., et al: Long-term outcome of morphology and function after soft tissue injury of the forearm with vascular involvement. Ann Vasc Surg 2013; 27: pp. 599-605
- 11. Kitzinger H.B., van S.J., Schmitt R., et al: Hypothenar hammer syndrome: long-term results after vascular reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 76: pp. 40-45
- 12. Scharnbacher J., Claus M., Reichert J., et al: Hypothenar hammer syndrome: a multicenter case-control study. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56: pp. 1352-1358
- 13. De Martino R.R., and Moran S.L.: The role of thrombolytics in acute and chronic occlusion of the hand. Hand Clin 2015; 31: pp. 13-21
- 14. Hui-Chou H.G., and McClinton M.A.: Current options for treatment of hypothenar hammer syndrome. Hand Clin 2015; 31: pp. 53-62
- 15. McNamara M.G., Butler T.E., Sanders W.E., et al: Ischaemia of the index finger and thumb secondary to thrombosis of the radial artery in the anatomical snuffbox. J Hand Surg Br 1998; 23: pp. 28-32
- 16. Pomahac B., Hagan R., Blazar P., et al: Spontaneous thrombosis of the radial artery at the wrist level. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114: pp. 943-946
- 17. de Witte P.B., Lozano-Calderon S., Harness N., et al: Acute vascular injury associated with fracture of the distal radius: a report of 6 cases. J Orthop Trauma 2008; 22: pp. 611-614
- 18. O’Toole R.V., Hardcastle J., Garapati R., et al: Fracture of the distal radius with radial artery injury: injury description and outcome of vascular repair. Injury 2013; 44: pp. 437-441
- 19. Lowrie A.G., Berry M.G., Kirkpatrick J.J., et al: Arterial injuries at the elbow carry a high risk of muscle necrosis and warrant urgent revascularisation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2012; 94: pp. 124-128
- 20. De S.F., Martini G., Decaminada N., et al: Arterial entrapment syndrome in the cubital fossa: a rare cause of acute stress-related arterial thrombosis in a patient with brachial artery duplication. G Chir 2012; 33: pp. 383-386
- 21. Garrigues G.E., Patel M.B., Colletti T.P., et al: Thrombosis of the brachial artery after closed dislocation of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009; 91: pp. 1097-1099
- 22. Weller A., Garg S., Larson A.N., et al: Management of the pediatric pulseless supracondylar humeral fracture: is vascular exploration necessary? J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95: pp. 1906-1912
- 23. Benedetti V.M., Martinelli O., Irace L., et al: Vascular injuries in supracondylar humeral fracture: an active approach to diagnosis and treatment. Int Angiol 2014; 33: pp. 540-546
- 24. Benedetti V.M., Farsetti P., Martinelli O., et al: The value of ultrasonic diagnosis in the management of vascular complications of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Bone Joint J 2013; 95-B: pp. 694-698
- 25. Wolfswinkel E.M., Weathers W.M., Siy R.W., et al: Less is more in the nonoperative management of complete brachial artery transection after supracondylar humeral fracture. Ann Vasc Surg 2014; 28: pp. 739-746
- 26. Badkoobehi H., Choi P.D., Bae D.S., et al: Management of the pulseless pediatric supracondylar humeral fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015; 97: pp. 937-943
- 27. Mangat K.S., Martin A.G., and Bache C.E.: The ‘pulseless pink’ hand after supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children: the predictive value of nerve palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009; 91: pp. 1521-1525
- 28. Konstantiniuk P., Fritz G., Ott T., et al: Long-term follow-up of vascular reconstructions after supracondylar humerus fracture with vascular lesion in childhood. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 42: pp. 684-688
- 29. Sugawara M., Ogino T., Minami A., et al: Digital ischemia in baseball players. Am J Sports Med 1986; 14: pp. 329-334
- 30. Ginn T.A., Smith A.M., Snyder J.R., et al: Vascular changes of the hand in professional baseball players with emphasis on digital ischemia in catchers. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87: pp. 1464-1469
- 31. Arko F.R., Harris E.J., Zarins C.K., et al: Vascular complications in high-performance athletes. J Vasc Surg 2001; 33: pp. 935-942
- 32. Melby S.J., Vedantham S., Narra V.R., et al: Comprehensive surgical management of the competitive athlete with effort thrombosis of the subclavian vein (Paget-Schroetter syndrome). J Vasc Surg 2008; 47: pp. 809-820
- 33. Doyle A., Wolford H.Y., Davies M.G., et al: Management of effort thrombosis of the subclavian vein: today’s treatment. Ann Vasc Surg 2007; 21: pp. 723-729
- 34. Rohrer M.J., Cardullo P.A., Pappas A.M., et al: Axillary artery compression and thrombosis in throwing athletes. J Vasc Surg 1990; 11: pp. 761-768
- 35. Duwayri Y.M., Emery V.B., Driskill M.R., et al: Positional compression of the axillary artery causing upper extremity thrombosis and embolism in the elite overhead throwing athlete. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53: pp. 1329-1340
- 36. Kee S.T., Dake M.D., Wolfe-Johnson B., et al: Ischemia of the throwing hand in major league baseball pitchers: embolic occlusion from aneurysms of axillary artery branches. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995; 6: pp. 979-982