Midshaft Clavicle Fractures: Open Reduction, Internal Fixation—Single and Double Plating
Jesse B. Jupiter
David C. Ring
INTRODUCTION
Diaphyseal clavicle fractures were traditionally considered benign injuries that heal with good function.1 It is now clear that some completely displaced clavicle fractures are associated with potential for nonunion and malunion and these are associated with varied levels of discomfort and incapability.2 Plate and screw fixation of is an option for treatment of a displaced diaphyseal clavicle fracture.3 Operative treatment decreases the risk of nonunion, but the influence on symptoms and disability is less clear, and surgery introduces risks of infection, unsightly scar, nerve injury, prominent implants, and other issues.2 Plate and screw fixation can be accomplished with a plate applied to the superior or anterior clavicle, or both.4,5
INDICATIONS
An active, healthy adolescent or adult with a displaced clavicle fracture can consider operative or nonoperative treatment (Figure 1-1). With nonoperative treatment, one can expect some clavicle and shoulder girdle malalignment with some associated symptoms and an up to one in five chance of nonunion also with varied symptoms.2 Randomized trials comparing operative and nonoperative treatment show clear superiority of surgery in terms of union, but capability and comfort (patient reported outcomes) are comparable, suggesting that, on average, people can accommodate the nonunion.2 Surgery exposes people to a scar, implant prominence, some degree of supraclavicular nerve injury, and other potential iatrogenic harms. The potential benefits of surgery are higher union rate and better alignment, both of which can be associated with better shoulder function. Surgery restores stability and comfort earlier in the recovery process compared to nonoperative treatment.6
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Infirm or inactive patients accommodate malunion or nonunion and the potential harms associated with surgery are not outweighed by potential benefits. Initial nonoperative treatment can be salvaged with later reconstructive surgery3,7 should the situation change to favor operative treatment. Some studies suggest that the management of nonunited and malunited fracture is associated with worse results, but those studies are misleading because they exclude the people who do well with nonoperative treatment. Widely displaced fractures are at greater risk of nonunion, but most heal and even some of those that do not heal have limited symptoms.2
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
Make sure a patient’s choice for surgery is based on what matters most to them, unclouded by common misconceptions.8 It may or may not go without saying that most people would prefer to avoid surgery if possible. Pain, crepitus, deformity, and radiographic displacement may suggest to a patient that surgery is necessary.9 Make sure people understand that deformity (malunion) and nonunion can be accommodated.2 They can also be salvaged with later surgery. Operative treatment of a displaced diaphyseal clavicle fracture is discretionary and preference sensitive.10 It is the surgeon’s responsibility to make sure a choice for operative treatment aligns with what matters most to a patient (their values).8,9
Clavicle fracture and surgery for clavicle fracture can be associated with harm to the supraclavicular nerves, the brachial plexus, and—rarely—the subclavian vein or artery.11 Document the status of these structures prior to surgery.
TECHNIQUE
Implants
Standard straight compression plates provide sufficient strength, but they are difficult to contour. Caution is warranted when considering plates with cutouts that make them easier to contour, as they may be weaker at these points, particularly after bending the plate (Figure 1-2). There are plates available that are designed to match the superior or anterior contour of the clavicle (Figure 1-3A). Superior plates may act as a tension band, converting the distal clavicle tendency to fall inferior into compression forces at the fracture (Figure 1-3B). Anterior plate placement is intended to reduce implant prominence, although the lateral aspect can occasionally be prominent (Figure 1-3C). Anterior plating may require greater stripping of muscle for application. One study of plate fixation of 105 displaced diaphyseal fractures of the clavicle found twice the amount of patient-reported implant prominence with superior plates (54% vs 29%), and union was 95% for both techniques.12 Combined anterior and superior, orthogonal plate fixation, can be useful when a shorter construct is desired, or for bridging large areas of fragmentation. Anterior plates have long lateral screws, where the bone is less strong. Locking screws have limited benefits and may be prone to axial pull-out in the lateral part of a superiorly applied plate13 (Figure 1-4).
Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel
Full access? Get Clinical Tree





