Table 12.1 Description of terms in dermatology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Fluid filled bullae that form at the site of friction.
Usually caused by a change in training pattern, or ill-fitting equipment.
Location and history are main clues to the diagnosis.
Early in the workout season.
Hard playing surfaces.
Repetitive activities.
Role of sweating—friction combined with moisture.
Treat ‘hot spots’ with ice and protection.
May use protective socks (or two pairs of socks), petroleum jelly, or mole skin (‘doughnuts’), antiperspirants for treatment and prevention.
Superglue may be painted on hot spots for protection from irritation, but may increase traction on the site.
Commercial products like Second Skin™ are helpful—can leave top layer of plastic on, so dressing will last longer.
Drain in a sterile manner only if tense or large, leave overlying skin on.
Antibiotic ointment or hydrocolloid if open.
Pemphigus.
Pemphigoid.
Thickening of the outer layer of skin (hyperkeratosis) with no central core as seen in verruca vulgaris.
Skin lines are maintained.
Caused by repetitive friction.
Possibly ill-fitting equipment.
May be painful and lead to blisters or subdermal haematoma.
Hard playing surfaces.
Repetitive activities.
Properly fitting shoes and equipment.
Pumice stone or paring down.
Salicylic acid preparation.
Use gloves or equipment to protect skin.
May use protective socks, petroleum jelly, or mole skin.
Warts.
Bunion.
Superficial epidermal abrasion or frank ulceration into dermis.
Propensity to become infected.
Irrigation with high pressure (50cm3 syringe with 20G needle).
Thorough washing with antibacterial cleanser (such as chorhexidine, hexachlorphene, or providone-iodine).
Ice, topical lidocaine for anesthesia while cleaning.
Sterile protective dressing (Op-site, Duoderm, Tegaderm).
Wearing long sleeves.
Appropriate protective padding.
Splinter haemorrhage underneath the nail bed, usually involving the first or second toe.
Develop acutely after pressure from tight shoes or from sudden deceleration.
Most often seen in racquet sports, football, and distance runners.
Downhill running.
Long or malformed toenails.
Tight shoes, especially the toe box.
Close trimming of toenail proximal to the distal aspect of the toe.
Properly fitting shoes with adequate room in the toe box.
Use of orthotics to lift arch and pull toes away from end of shoe.
Change of running style/route.
Subungual melanoma.
Intra-epidermal bleeding and petechiae of the heel.
Occurs on the heel at the edge of the foot pad.
Caused by shearing forces and sudden stops.
With paring, skin lines are maintained and no additional bleeding is seen.
Seen in volleyball, racquet sports, running, lacrosse, and basketball.
Poor fitting shoes.
Repetitive trauma (cutting or stops).
Black palm or tache noir seen in athletes who apply pressure to hands—such as gymnasts, racquet sports players, weightlifters, golfers.
Properly fitted shoes.
Use of a ‘soft’ shoe.
Thick socks.
Heel pads.
Melanoma.
Skin-colored or yellowish papules along lateral plantar surface.
Become obvious upon prolonged standing or exercise.
Herniation of subcutaneous fat through small tears in plantar fascia.
Occasionally painful.
Common in long-distance runners.
Can be seen in non-athletes, particularly obese people.
Elevation of feet often provides relief.
Heel cups in shoes can help during exercise.
Continuous and progressive stretching of skin can lead to striae or stretch marks.
Often around lower abdomen, also in axillae.
Initially reddish colour, fade with time to a more silverish colour.
Intense sports such as weightlifting, body building, and football.
Can occur during pregnancy, weight gain, rapid growth spurts.
Commonly seen with anabolic steroid use.
Topical tretinoin or laser therapy may be helpful.
Cushing’s disease.
Excessive exposure to UVA and UVB light.
Acute sunburn caused by UVB (wavelengths 290-320nm), and peaks 24-48h after a single exposure.
Photosensitized reactions caused by UVA (wavelengths 320-400nm), require 48h or more to develop fully.
May cause up to second degree burns.
Increases risk of skin cancers.
Water sports, outdoor sports.
Early during the warm season (even on cloudy days).
Increased risk with reflection off water, snow, ice.
High altitude (mountaineering, skiing), low latitudes.
Duration of exposure (marathons).
Lack of clothing (board sailing, beach volleyball).
Medications (tetracycline, sulfa, phenothiazines, thiazide diuretics).
Photosensitizing plant oils containing psoralens (lime, parsnip, celery and others)—cause phytophoto dermatitis.
Fair complexion, blue eyes.
Cool compresses.
Aloe vera lotions.
Topical anaesthetics and/or antihistamines.
Antibiotic ointments if second degree burns.
Oral fluids.
Maintain the integrity of the overlying skin.
Oral and topical steroids may be required for moderate to severe burns, to control inflammation and discomfort.
Sun screen/sun block (sweat proof/waterproof).
Sun protective factor (SPF) at least 15: PABA-esters protect mainly against UVB exposure; if athlete intolerant, or requires protection from UVA range—PABA-free products—benzophenones, cinnamates.
Apply half an hour before exposure, again after sweating or swimming.
Protective clothing and hats.
Avoid midday sun.
Gradual exposure to develop protective tan (tanning booths may be a more controlled environment).
Provide shade near workout area.
Sun sensitizing medication.
Flushing.
If unusually severe or persistent sunburns, look for photosensitive disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Immune reaction directed against the skin caused by sun exposure.
Often requires a co-factor to trigger the reaction (medications, etc.).
May present as hive-like lesions, nodules, purpura, to generalized oedema.
Outdoor sports.
Medication use.
Sun-sensitizing medication, such as tetracycline, sulfonamides, griseofulvin, diuretics, phenothiazides, first generation sulfonylurea agents, diphenhydraminel, and some cosmetics.
Eczematous eruption that is itchy, recurrent, flexural, and symmetric.
It generally begins early in life, follows periods of remission and exacerbation, and may resolve by the age of 30.
Infants have facial and patchy or generalized body eczema.
Adolescents and adults have eczema in flexural areas and on the hands.
Polygenic inheritance.
May be aggravated by heat, sweat, or exertion.
Exposure to heat, sweat, allergens, and exertion.
May be improved by sun exposure.
Emollients.
Avoidance of radical temperature changes.
Seborrhoeic dermatitis, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, tinea corporis.
Can be associated with true asthma.
Due to occlusion of eccrine sweat duct in the mid to lower epidermis.
Presents as small scattered papules and vesicles with surrounding erythema and sparing of hair follicles.
Pustular lesions may result from sterile accumulation of leukocytes or secondary staphylococcal infection.
Associated prickling stinging sensation induced by onset of sweating.
Profuse sweating and equipment causing local increase in skin humidity and temperature.
Air-conditioning.
May be able to maintain intense activity if athlete can spend prolonged daily periods or rest in cool, dry, air-conditioned living quarters.
Adjustments in equipment and practice time.
In severe cases, athlete might require a week or so of rest from sweating to allow the epidermis to heal.
Excessive perspiration.
May be congenital or stress-related.
May cause problems with grip, vision, self-confidence.
Exposure to heat, physical exertion, and stressful situations.
Aluminum chloride.
After several weeks, may only need application 1-2 times per week.
Iontophoresis units.
Anxiety.
Excessive heat exposure.
Hyperthyroidism.
Very severe condition—hidradenitis suppurativa—chronic relapsing inflammatory disease of the skin with recurrent draining sinuses and abscesses, found in skin-folds carrying terminal hairs and apocrine glands (skin of axillae and inguinoperineal regions).Related posts:
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